Substance Use Part 1 Flashcards
(56 cards)
– Body has adjusted to substance and incorporates its use into normal
functioning of body’s tissues
– May experience tolerance but not necessary
– Craving
– “Psychological dependence” is used to describe any behavior that becomes part of one’s habitual manner of responding (e.g., exercise,
watching TV, gambling, etc.)
physical dependence
– Unpleasant symptoms, both physical and psychological, that people experience when they stop using a substance
on which they have become dependent
– Usually opposite of the drug’s effects
Withdrawal
A person has become physically dependent on a
substance following use over a period of time AND
experiences withdrawal symptoms when the drug is
discontinued
Addiction
• Respiration (breathing) has 3 functions
– To take in oxygen
– To excrete carbon dioxide
– To regulate the composition of the blood
• Involves a number of organs
– Nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, diaphragm, abdominal muscles, and lungs
structure and function of respiratory system
Inspiration is active; expiration is passive
Coughing expels mucus in airways (forced
expiration)
• Seasonal allergic reaction
– Pollens, dust, etc.
• Allergens → ↑histamines →inflammation of lung capillaries → release of large amounts of fluid →violent sneezing & other allergy symptoms
Hay Fever
• Chronic inflammation in lungs
• Can be an allergic reaction
– Dust, dander, pollens, & fungi
• Stress or exercise
• Produce bronchial spasms & hyperventilation
• Muscle constriction, swelling, & inflammation of
airtubes → ↑mucus → bronchiole obstruction → ↓O & ↑CO2
• Dramatic increase in past 20-30 years
Asthma
common cold, flu, bronchitis
Viral Infections
strep throat; whooping cough(pertussis); diphtheria [ main concerns are secondary infection or damage to organs]
bacterial infections
• Viral or bacterial or by inhaling foreign substances • Lobar pneumonia – Primary infection of an entire lobe – Inflamed alveoli disrupt O-CO2 exchange – Infection can spread to other organs • Bronchial pneumonia – Typically a secondary infection – Confined to bronchi
Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
– Bacteria are surrounded by macrophages & form clumps (tubercle)
– Tubercles turns into cheesy masses that produces cavities in the lung
– Cavities turn into permanent scars that hinder blood exchange at the alveoli
• Pleurisy
– Inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs
– Usually secondary symptom
Respiratory Diseases
• 3rd leading killer in the U.S. • 85% of all cases are due to smoking • Chronic bronchitis • Emphysema – Persistent obstruction of airflow – Alveoli lose elasticity & can’t constrict during exhalation – Decreased elimination of CO2
Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases or
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
• Increasingly common
• @85% of patients are current or past smokers
• Other environmental causes (air pollution,
asbestos)
Lung Cancer
How is Smoking Dangerous?
• Nicotine is the pharmacological agent in tobacco that
underlies addiction
– Stimulant drug or “upper”
– The peripheral nervous system and the brain contain receptors that respond to nicotine
• Promote release of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine), acetylcholine, and glutamate that produce the stimulant effects
• Promote release of beta-endorphins that produce pleasurable effects
– Increases metabolism & decreases appetite
– Reaches the brain in 7 seconds
– Half life is 30-40 minutes (addicted smokers rarely go longer than this amount of time without a “fix”)
• Tobacco contains at least 4,000 compounds in
addition to nicotine
– E.g., Acrolein, formaldehyde, nitric oxide, hydrocyanic acid
• Tobacco contains at least 60 known carcinogens
(substances that can cause cancer)
• Contains tars (the water-soluble residue of tobacco smoke condensate)
– Contains carcinogens
– Positive relationship between tars content and deaths from smoking-related diseases
– Low-nicotine cigarettes result in deeper inhalation and greater exposure to dangerous tars
• Single greatest cause of preventable death
• USA – accounts for about 1 in 5 deaths
• Smokers, compared to nonsmokers are
– Generally less health-conscious
– More likely to engage in other unhealthy behaviors
smoking
– Smokers have a relative risk of 2.0
– Smoking increases progression of atherosclerosis
– Increases clots, inflammation, & cholesterol
– Decreases availability of oxygen
– Nicotine activates the sympathetic nervous system causing increases in blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output and
constriction of blood vessels leading to CVD
cardiovascular disesase
– Relative risk for male smokers is 23.3 – Lung cancer – Other cancers • Lip, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, larynx, trachea, bladder, kidney, cervix, stomach
cancer
• More than 1,000 people die each year from fires started by cigarettes • Fatal and nonfatal burns • Periodontal disease • Multiple sclerosis • Diminished physical strength, poorer balance, impaired neuromuscular performance • More accidents and injuries • Common cold • Take off more sick time • Use more health benefits
smoking and health
- Hearing loss and macular degeneration
- Infertility, preterm delivery, stillbirth, low birth weight, SIDS
- Erectile dysfunction
- Look older and less attractive (men)
- Slower growth of lung function in adolescents
- More likely to have psychiatric diagnoses, especially depression
- More likely to have substance abuse disorders
- More likely to commit suicide
- Problems with cognitive functioning
- Studies of secondhand smoke reveal that family members and coworkers are at risk for a variety of health disorders.
smoking and health
Is smoking cigars or pipes safer?
What about chewing tobacco?
• They are less hazardous than cigarettes, but they are still not safe
• Smokeless tobacco also has adverse health effects
– Increased mortality from CVD and oral, pancreatic, and lung cancer
– Gateway
• e-cigarettes
– Safety not fully known
– No tobacco, only nicotine
– Not regulated, nicotine content varies, secondhand vapors
• A sophisticated habit of the male gentry
• 1940s
– Large numbers of women smoke
– Advertised as symbol of feminine sophistication
• 1964
– First U.S. Surgeon General’s warning is issued
– Male smoking declines, female smoking increases
• 1994
– Female teen smokers, 22.9%
– Male teen smokers, 28.8%
history of smoking
What factors predict smoking?
• Gender
– Males > females
• Ethnic groups
– American Indians: highest rates (40%)
– Asian Americans: lowest rates ( employed
– Below poverty line > at or above poverty line
• Education
– Higher education lower the rate (negative correlation)
– Exception: Italian and British men have positive correlation
• Current smoker
– People who smoked cigarettes on one or more days during the past 30 days
Frequent smoker
– Those who have smoked cigarettes on 20 of the previous 30 days
