HealthPsyc2

Question 1

Health behaviour: • behavioural pathogens:

Answer 1

Matarazzo (1984)

• the health damaging/health risk behaviours such as
excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, fatty diet.

Question 2

Chronic disease in Australia

Answer 2

“heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic
diseases looming epidemics that will take the
greatest toll in deaths and disability” (WHO, 2005)
• Chronic diseases impact heavily on:
• Burden upon patients/carers
• Rates of death/disability
• Use of health services
• Healthcare expenditure
See slide for graphs of behavioural contributors

Question 3

Primary causes of death in Australia

Answer 3

Coronary heart disease
-Smoking -Diet -Exercise -Alcohol

Stroke (and other cerebrovascular diseases)
-Smoking -Diet -Alcohol -Exercise

Cancer (primarily lung, breast, prostate, colorectal)
-Smoking -Alcohol -Diet -Health Screening -Self-Examination

Dementia
-Smoking (?) -Alcohol(?) -Exercise (?) -Diet (?)

Question 4

Smoking Risks

Answer 4

Increased risk of:
• Coronary heart disease
• Stroke
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Cancer

Question 5

Daily Smoking Prevalence in Australia

Answer 5

2001: 19% 2013: 13%

Question 6

Never Smoked >100 cigarettes (14+ years)

Answer 6

2001: 51% 2013: 60%

Question 7

Factors associated with smoking

Answer 7

• Location
o Remote and very remote areas (2x more likely than major cities)

• SES
o Lower SES (3 x more likely than highest SES)

• Indigeneity
o Indigenous Australians
(2.5x more likely than non-Indigenous)

• Sexual orientation
o Homosexual and bisexual (more likely to
smoke daily than heterosexual)

Question 8

Why start smoking?

Answer 8

• Modelling (peers, siblings, parents)
• Social pressure, social learning and reinforcement
• Weight control
• Risk-taking or problem behaviours
• Health cognitions (unrealistic optimism)

Question 9

Why continue smoking?

Answer 9

• Enjoyment
• Habit
• Physical and/or psychological addiction
• Stress/anxiety management
• Low self-efficacy

Question 10

Alcohol

Answer 10

“the second most widely used
psychoactive substance in the world
(after caffeine)”
(Julien, 1996, p101)

Question 11

Alcohol Recommendations (for healthy adults who are not pregnant)

Answer 11

• For reducing long-term harm, no more than: 2 drinks a night

 For reducing short-term harm (i.e. injury), no more than: 4 drinks a night

Standard drink= 10g of alcohol

Question 12

Alcohol Leads to Increased risk of…

Answer 12

Short Term
-Road and other accidents
• Domestic and public violence
• Crime

Long term
• Liver disease
• Cancer (oral, oesophagus, larynx)
• High blood pressure
• Pancreatitis
• Brain damage

Question 13

Alcohol Prevalence • Exceeding guidelines for reducing long-term harm:

Answer 13

2001: 21% 2013: 18%

Question 14

Alcohol Prevalence  Exceeding guidelines for reducing short-term harm:

Answer 14

2001: 29% 2013: 26%

Question 15

Factors associated with risky drinking

Answer 15

• Location:
• Remote and very remote areas (2x more likely than major cities)
• SES:
• Higher SES (more likely to drink in risky quantities than people with lowest SES)

• Indigeneity:
• Indigenous Australians: more abstinence but (if
drinking) more risky

• Sexual orientation:
• Homosexual and bisexual (more likely to drink in risky quantities)

Question 16

Why higher amongst same-sex attracted people?

Answer 16

Negative reactions to disclosure of orientation
• (Baiocco et al., 2010)

• Experiences of bisexual-negativity
(Molina et al., 2015)

Question 17

Recommendations for safer sex

Answer 17

• Regular STI checks
• Covering potentially infectious areas
• Preventing/reducing the transfer of bodily fluids between partners

Use of:
• Internal (“female”) or external (“male”) condoms or
gloves during penetrative sex
• Condoms and dental dams for oral sex
• Lubricant to reduce condom breakage during anal
sex

Question 18

With protection, reduced risk of…

Answer 18

• Unwanted pregnancy
• Infections: e.g.:
• HIV
• HPV
• chlamydia
• herpes simplex
• genital warts etc

Question 19

Prevalence (amongst adults who had casual intercourse) • Used condom every time:

Answer 19

2002: 41% 2013: 49%

Question 20

Factors associated with condom-use

Answer 20

• Amongst women:
• Age (less likely after 30)
• Excessive alcohol consumption (less likely after >
alcohol)
• Amongst men:
• Number of sexual partners (more likely with more than
one partner)

Question 21

Why not use protection?

Answer 21

• Social:
• Difficulty/embarrassment in raising issue
• Anticipated objection
• Worry about STI implications
• Lack of self-efficacy for correct use
• Attitudes:
• Reduced spontaneity
• Unrealistically positive

Question 22

Exercise Recommendations (for adults)

Answer 22

• Moderate activity, at least 150-300 min/week: eg. 30 mins 5 days a week
• Vigorous activity, at least 75-150 min/week:

Question 23

Exercise Benefits

Answer 23

Reduced risk of:
Physical:
• Cardiovascular disease
• Type II diabetes
• Cancer (colon, breast)

Psychological:
Brown et al. (2012)
• Anxiety disorders + symptoms
• Major depressive disorder + symptoms
• Stress

Question 24

Prevalence (amongst adults)

• Meeting exercise guidelines:

Answer 24

2005: 30% 2012: 43%

Question 25

Factors associated with exercising

Answer 25

* Age: * Younger (more likely to meet guidelines) * SES: * Higher (more likely to meet guidelines) * Education * Higher (more likely to meet guidelines) * Location * Major cities (more likely to meet guidelines)

Question 26

Why exercise? Why not exercise?

Answer 26

* Internal * Self-efficacy * Lack of interest * Enjoyment * External * Time constraints * Modeling from family * Social support * Number of active neighbors

Question 27

Health Diet Recommendations (for women)

Answer 27

2 fruit & 5 veg servings

Question 28

Health Diet Recommendations (for men)

Answer 28

2 fruit & 6 veg servings

Question 29

Serving Size

Answer 29

``` • Vegetable serve is 75g • About half a cup of cooked vegetables or a cup of raw vegetables like lettuce. • Fruit serve is 150g • 2 small pieces of fruit or one medium size piece of fruit. ```

Question 30

Healthy Eating Benefits

Answer 30

Reduced risk of: • Coronary heart disease • Stroke • Lung cancer

Question 31

Prevalence (amongst adults) | • Meeting fruit guidelines:

Answer 31

2005: 54% 2012: 49%

Question 32

Prevalence (amongst adults) |  Meeting vegetable guidelines:

Answer 32

2005: 14% 2012: 6%

Question 33

Factors associated with F&V consumption

Answer 33

• SES: • Higher (more likely to meet guidelines) • Age: 5-7 years: 55% 12-34 years: 4% 55+ years: 8%

Question 34

Why not eat F&V?

Answer 34

• Parental socialisation • Permissiveness; feeding practices (Vereecken, Rovner, & Maes, 2010) • Perceived and/or actual barriers: • Lack of knowledge and skills • Length of preparation time (Lea, Worsley & Crawford, 2005) • Cost and availability (e.g. rural areas) (Lee et al., 2002) • Misinformation: • Consumers reluctant to eat vegetarian diet because of concerns about lack of nutrients and iron (Lea & Worsley, 2001)

Question 35

Why eat F&V? (Young Australians)

Answer 35

``` Pearson, Ball and Crawford (2011) • 12-15 year olds in Victoria Why eat F&V? (Young Australians) • Vegetables: • Peer support • Self-efficacy • Perceived availability of F&V in the home ``` * Fruit: * Healthy eating value * Modeling by mother * Self-efficacy * Perceived availability of energy-dense food in the home

Question 36

HPV Vaccination Recomendations

Answer 36

* Ideally, before sexually active | * Free nationally for 12-13 year olds

Question 37

Benefits (of vaccination with Gardasil)

Answer 37

``` Protects against HPV types 16 and 18. Amongst cancers attributable to HPV, types 16 and 18 cause approximately: • 75% of cervical cancers • 85% of vulvar and vaginal cancers • 90% of cancers of the mouth/throat • 75% of penile cancer • 95% of anal cancers • Also protects against HPV types 6 and 11, which cause: • 90% of genital warts ```

Question 38

Prevalence | • Had all three vaccinations:

Answer 38

National HPV Program Initiated in 2007 in 2011: Girls 12-17: 71% Women 18-26: 33%

Question 39

Factors associated with HPV Vaccination uptake

Answer 39

* Health insurance status (may not be issue in Australia) * Program location (schools) * Recommendation by health care professional * Parental concern about: * safety and side-effects * initiation of early sexual behaviour (? Although unlikely to be a founded concern)

Question 40

behavioural immunogens:

Answer 40

• the health protective/health enhancing behaviours such as exercise, health screening uptake, breast self examination, and low fat diets.