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DPT 701: Clincal Anatomy > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

What are the divisions of the inferior mediastinum

A

Anterior, middle, posterior

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2
Q

What are the contents of the superior mediastinum

A 
Thymus
R/L brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava
Trachea
Esophagus
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3
Q

What are the contents of the inferior anterior mediastinum

A

Thymus
Internal thoracic a/v
Fat
Lymph nodes

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4
Q

What are the contents of the inferior middle mediastinum

A 
Superior vena cava
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary a/v
Pulmonary trunk
Heart
Pericardium
Phrenic n
Inferior vena cava
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5
Q

What are the contents for the inferior posterior mediastinum

A 
Descending aorta 
Azygos veins
Thoracic duct
Esophagus
Nerve plexus
Sympathetic
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6
Q

What branches are given off the aorta

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
L common carotid
L subclavian

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7
Q

What branches are given off the brachiocephalic trunk

A

R common carotid

R subclavian

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8
Q

What are the layers of the protective coverings of the heart out to in

A

Fibrous pericardium
Partial pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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9
Q

What are the layers of the heart out to in

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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10
Q

What are the functions of the parietal sac

A

Protect heart
Lubricate heart
Prevent cardiac distension

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11
Q

What is the parietal cavity

A

Narrow space between partial and visceral pericardium
Allows uninhibited movement of heart
Small amount of fluid

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12
Q

Attachments for pericardium

A

Central tendon
Posterior sternum
Posterior mediastinum

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13
Q

What nerve innervates pericardium

A

Phrenic n

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14
Q

What is pericardial effusion

A

A rapid accumulation of excess fluid within the parietal sac

Sac compress heart (cardiac tamponade) resulting in heart failure

Because fibrous pericardium does not distend

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15
Q

Outer layer of heart
Composed of visceral pericardium and serous pericardium
Fat and coronary vessels are deep to epicardium

A

Epicardium

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16
Q

Middle of heart

Cardiac muscle responsible for contraction

A

Myocardium

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17
Q

Internal layer of heart
Endothelial cells
Lines the lumen of four chambers
Lines cusps of valves

A

Endocardium

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18
Q

Where is the apex

A

Inferiolateral left ventricle
Midclavicular 5th intercostal space
Remains motionless throughout contraction
Sound of mitral valve

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19
Q

What is the base of heart and location

A

Posterior aspect of heart
Mostly left atrium
Lesser contributions than right atrium
Contacts with esophagus

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20
Q

Superior and inferior vena cava to

A

Right atrium

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21
Q

Right atrium to right ventricle you go through

A

Tricuspid valve

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22
Q

Leaving right ventricle blood travels through

A

Pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries and to lungs

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23
Q

When blood first leaves the lungs it goes through

A

Pulmonary veins with oxygenated blood

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24
Q

From pulmonary veins to

A

Left atrium

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25
After leaving left atrium blood flows through
Bicuspid/mitral valve
26
After passing bicuspid valve, blood goes through
Left ventricle
27
Left ventricle blood then flows through what valve
Aortic semilunar valve to aorta
28
From aorta, blood goes
To the body then back to the superior and inferior vena cava
29
The left pump of the heart does what
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it back to the body via the systemic (systole) and coronary (diastole) circulation
30
What is the function of superior vena cava
Returns deoxygenated blood from tissues ABOVE diaphragm to right atrium
31
What is the function of inferior vena cava
Return deoxygenated blood from tissues BELOW diaphragm to the right atrium
32
What is the function of the coronary sinus
Returns deoxygenated blood from the myocardium by coronary circulation to right atrium
33
What is diastole
Ventricles relax Ventricles fill with blood AV valves are open
34
What is systole
Ventricles contract Blood is forced from ventricles into aorta or pulmonary arteries Aortic and pulmonary valves are open
35
What is the right atrial appendage auricle
Add on room Muscular pouch Projects from right atrium Increases capacity of atrium as it overlaps the ascending aorta
36
Rough myocardium on internal surface of the auricle | In both R/L atrium
Pectinate muscles
37
Internal vertical ridge separating the smooth and rough parts of R atrium Extends to SVC and IVC SA node is located in the superior part
Crista terminalis
38
Between R/L atrium | Remanent of foramen ovale in fetus
Fossa ovalis
39
Opening in the right to left atrium in fetus Allows blood to flow from r to l atrium and bypass the lungs Bypass occurs because placenta provides the gas exchange
Foramen ovale
40
Fibrous cords connect free edges of AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles
Chordae tendinae
41
Elevations of ventricular myocardium Attach to AV valve leaflets via chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
42
What is the combined function of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles
Keep AV valves from prolapsing backward into the atriums when closing during systolic contraction of ventricles
43
Projection ridges of myocardium Papillary muscles are specialized
Trabeculae carnae
44
A single specialized trabeculum that Carrie’s part of the conduction system to the anterior wall of right ventricle
Moderator band
45
Where is the pulmonary valve
Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk 3 semilunar cusps Forms a pocket like sinus
46
Do atria or ventricles have thicker walls
Ventricles, they have to pump blood to rest of the body Left ventricle has more myocardium to send blood through the aorta
47
Right side blood flow
``` SVC, IVC, Coronary sinus Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries Lungs ```
48
Left side blood flow
``` Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicuspid valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Aorta Systemic circulation ```
49
Pulmonary circuit characteristics
Short with low pressure circulation
50
Systemic circulation characteristics
Long, high friction | More pressure
51
What is coronary circulation
Blood supply to heart itself Shortest circulation Delivered during relaxation Left ventricle receives most blood supply
52
Where do coronary arteries stem from
Base of Aorta
53
What is the coronary sulcus
Left and right coronary arteries encircle the heart
54
How much of the body’s blood is used for the heart itself
1/20 th
55
What merging veins form the coronary sinus
Greater cardiac- anterior inter ventricular sulcus Middle cardiac - posterior inter ventricular sulcus Small cardiac- inferior margin
56
Coordinated heart beat is a function of what
Gap junctions | Intrinsic cardiac conduction system
57
What is the sinoatrial node
Pacemaker of the heart in right atrial wall
58
What part of the heart depolarizes the fastest
SA node
59
What is sinus rhythm
75 x/minute
60
How does impulse spread across the atria of the of the heart?
Via gap junctions to AV node
61
Where is the atrioventricular node
Lower right atrium in interventricular septum
62
What is the delay of the AV node Because? What does this allow?
.1 second delay Because fibers are smaller in diameter and have fewer gap junctions Allows atrial contraction before ventricular contraction
63
Rate of AV node without SA node
50 bpm
64
What is the atrioventricular bundle
Bundle of his In superior interventricular septum Only electrical connection between atria and ventricles
65
What are the R/L bundle branches
Two pathways in the interventricular septum that carry impulse towards the apex of the heart
66
What is the subendocardial conduction network
Purkinje fibers Complete pathway through the interventricular septum into the apex and ventricular walls
67
The purkinje fibers are more elaborate on what side
L side
68
AV bundle and purkinje fibers depolarize at what rate without AV node
30 bpm Ventricular contraction immediately follows depolarization from apex towards atria
69
Contraction process takes approximately how long
.22 seconds from initiation at SA node to complete contraction
70
What system both increase the rate and force of the heartbeat
Sympathetic nervous system
71
Where in the brain is the cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory
Medulla oblongata
72
Where do sympathetic nerve fibers project
SA node, AV node, bulk of myocardium Releases norepinephrine
73
Cardioacceleratory center is the source of what
Sympathetic output of the heart
74
Cardioinhibitory center is the source of what
Parasympathetic output of the heart
75
Where do parasympathetic fibers project
Vagus nerve to the SA node and AV node Release acetylcholine
76
What is an electrocardiograph
Graphic recording of electric activity Composite of all action potentials at a given time Measure voltage differences- 12 leads
77
What does the P wave represent
Depolarization of SA node and atria
78
What does QRS complex represent
Ventricular depolarization and atrial depolarization
79
What does T wave represent
Ventricular repolarization
80
What does P-R interval represent
Beginning of atrial and ventricular excitation
81
What does S-T segment represent
Entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
82
What does Q-T interval represent
Beginning of ventricular depolarization to end of repolarization
83
What does the first pub-dip sound represent
The closing of AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole
84
What does the second lub-dup sound represent
Closing of semilunar valves at the beginning of diastole
85
What is the pause between sounds
Heart relaxation
86
What is the order of valves closing
Mitral before tricuspid | Aortic before pulmonary
87
Where do you listen to aortic valve
R 2nd intercostal space
88
Where are the pulmonary valve sounds heard
L 2nd intercostal space
89
Where is the mitral valve heard
Over the heart apex, 5th intercostal space in line with middle clavicle
90
Where is the tricuspid valve heard
R 5th intercostal space
91
Air reaching the bronchi is
Warm and cleansed of impurities | Saturated with water vapor
92
Air passage undergoes how many orders
23
93
What vessels attach to the left atrium and where are they coming from
L/R superior/inferior pulmonary veins Coming from lungs to the L atrium
94
When are the AV valves closed and open
Open during diastole | Closed during systole
95
When are semilunar valves closed and open
Closed during diastole | Open during systole
96
What arises from R aortic sinus
Right coronary artery
97
What arises from L aortic sinus
Left coronary sinus
98
What are the branches of the R coronary artery
SA node branch Acute marginal AV nodal branch
99
What are the branches of the L coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery Circumflex Obtuse marginal
100
Where does the great cardiac vein run
Runs with left anterior descending and circumflex branch of the left coronary artery Continues path in coronary sulcus and enlarges to form coronary sinus entering R atrium
101
Where does the middle cardiac vein run
With posterior descending artery
102
What is the blood supply to the SA node
Sinoatrial artery that is supplied by the R coronary artery in 60% of people and L coronary artery in 40%
103
Normal alignment of pulmonic valve
Anterior Left Right
104
Normal alignment of aortic valve
Posterior Left Right
105
Normal alignment of tricuspid valve
Septal Anterior Posterior
106
Normal alignment of mitral valve
Posterior | Anterior

DPT 701: Clincal Anatomy (12 decks)

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