Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

DPT 701: Clincal Anatomy > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Function of endocrine

A

Acts as nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does endocrine system influences metabolic activities

A

Via hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the response of endocrine system compare to nervous system

A

Nervous system can override endocrine

Endocrine responses are slower but longer lasting And directly into blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Endocrine system controls and integrates what

A

Reproduction
Growth
Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Mobilization of body defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are major endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, testes, and ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is autocrines

A

Chemicals that exert on the same cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a paracrine

A

Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the peptide protein hormones

A

Water soluble

Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid, GI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the way two hormones can act

A

Water soluble: act on plasma membrane receptors, act via G protein second messengers, they cannot enter cells (all amino based hormones except thyroid)

Lipid soluble: act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes, they can enter cells (steroid and thyroid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is negative feedback

A

Hormone inhibits itself from further secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is positive feedback

A

Effects of hormones result in further hormone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which hormones travel attached to plasma proteins

A

Steroid and thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can hormones be removed from the blood

A

Degrading enzymes

Kidneys or liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland by what

A

Infundibulum

Connection maintained via hypothalamus hypophyseal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

Made of neural tissue

Receives, stores, and releases hormones from hypothalamus

Storage tank- release in response to nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

Glandular tissue

Synthesizes and secretes hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does oxytocin trigger

A

Uterine contractions
Milk ejection
Sexual arousal or orgasms
Promotes nurturing and affection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is oxytocin regulated

A

Positive feedback

Until stimulus stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is oxytocin stored

A

Made by paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

Stored in posterior pituitary

Pitocin is artificial form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When is ADH released/stored

A

High solute concentration= ADH released, inhibits urine formation

Low concentration= ADH Is not released, water loss allowed

Alcohol inhibits ADH release and increases urine output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is ADH produced/stored

A

Produced by supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

Stored in posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does ADH target

A

Renal tubules of kidneys

Causes ducts to reabsorb from water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ADH is regulated by what

A

Negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What inhibits ADH

A

Diuretics

Used to treat edma, high BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
ADH deficiency can result in what
Diabetes insipidus Huge urine output, intense thirst
26
When does ADH hypersecretion occur
Children with meningitis Following trauma, surgery, cancer after general anesthesia All can lead to SIADH- headache, fluid retention, and disorientation
27
How is the anterior pituitary controlled
Controlled by hypophyseal portal system in hypothalamus No direct neural connection
28
What is hypophyseal portal system
System of blood vessels in the brain that connects the hypothalamus with anterior pituitary
29
What are the 6 peptide hormones of adenohypophysis
``` Growth hormone Lutienizing hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Prolactin hormone Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone ```
30
Which anterior pituitary hormones are trophic
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands
31
What anterior pituitary hormones are direct hormones
GH, PRL go directly to cells and tissues
32
Hypersecretion of GH in kids results in what
Gigantism Excessive GH release before the epiphysesl plate closes
33
Hypersecretion of GH in adults results in what
Acromegaly After epiphyseal plate closes Nose, jaw, internal organs, hands and feet
34
Excessive GH can lead to what
Hyperglycemia and can cause diabetes mellitus
35
Hyposecretion of GH can result into what
Adults= no problems Kids= pituitary dwarfism, can be treated with GH injections but has risks
36
What is the function of TSH
Stimulates development and secretory activity of thyroid Stimulates production of thyroid hormones via second messenger
37
What regulates TSH
Released in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone Inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormone, blocks release of TSH negative feedback
38
What is the function of adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce/secrete glucocorticoids These increase blood levels of nutrient molecules
39
What does FSH target
Ovaries and testes Stimulates gamete production
40
What does LH target
Women: ovulation, promotes synthesis and release of estrogen and progesterone from ovaries In women LH and FSH act together for maturation of ovarian follicle Men= stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone
41
What stimulates the release of ACTH
Triggered by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in daily rhythm Internal and external factors can alter CRH Inhibited by increased levels of glucocorticoids negative feedback
42
Where is GH produced
Anterior lobe of pituitary by somatotropin cells
43
What is GH regulated by
Growth hormone inhibiting and releasing hormone
44
What is the direct gene action of GH
Stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone and cartilage to produce insulin like growth factors Release increases breakdowns of fats and glycogen stores for fuel
45
What is the function of prolactin
Stimulate milk production
46
What regulates prolactin release
Primary= prolactin inhibiting hormone Females= stimulated by estrogen and prolactin releasing hormones
47
What is the possible basis for the role of prolactin in men
Possible erectile dysfunction High PRL can suppress FSH and GnRH= hypogonadism
48
Describe thyroid glands
2 lateral lobes in anterior neck Connected by median mass called isthmus Composed of follicles that produce the glycoprotein thyroglobulin
49
What is colloid
Thyroglobulin plus iodine Fills lumen of the thyroid follicles and is precursor of the thyroid hormone
50
What are parafollicular cells
Outer edges of the follicles of the thyroid gland Produce calcitonin hormone
51
How does thyroid hormone work
Via direct gene activation 2 iodine containing compounds T4- thyroxine T3- triiodothyronine
52
Function of thyroid hormone
Increase metabolic rate and body heat production by stimulating enzymes used in glucose metabolism Plays role in- maintaining BO, regulating tissue growth, development of skeletal and muscle systems, and reproductive capabilities
53
How does hypothyroidism affect adults
Myxedema Low metabolic rate, chilled, constipation, thick and dry skin, puffy eyes, edema, lethargy Enlarged thyroid= endemic goiter
54
How does hypothyroidism affect infants
Cretinism Mental retardation, short/disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck
55
What is Graves’ disease
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism Goiter Elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid heart beat, nervousness, weight loss, building eyes
56
Where is calcitonin produced
Parafollicular cells of thyroid
57
When is calcitonin released
When calcium levels are high Targets skeleton, inhibits osteoclasts Stimulates calcium uptake and deposition into bone, lowers calcium blood levels
58
What inhibits calcitonin
Inhibited by low blood calcium levels via negative feedback
59
Calcitonin is an antagonist to
Parathyroid hormone PTH
60
What are your parathyroid glands
4-8 tiny glands embedded in posterior thyroid Contain oxyphil cells and chief cells that secrete PTH
61
PTH is most important hormone in
Calcium homeostasis
62
PTH stimulates what
Osteoclast activity which increases calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
63
What is hyperparathyroidism
Due to tumor Bones are soften and deform Elevated CA2+ depresses nervous system and contributes to formation of kidney stones
64
What is hypoparathyroidism
Caused by gland trauma, removal, or prolonged MG deficiency Increases excitability of muscles which results in tetany, respiratory paralysis and possible death
65
What is rickets
Childhood bone deformation due to demineralization Deficiency in Ca and or Vit D
66
What is osteomalacia
Adults equivalent to rickets Increase risk of fracture
67
Describe the structure and function of adrenal glands
Triangular, 2 glands in 1 Outer= adrenal cortex, glandular tissue, makes and secretes corticosteroids, hormones made here work via direct gene activation Inner= adrenal medulla, nervous tissue, sympathetic nervous system
68
What are the 3 layers of adrenal cortex and what does each produce
Zona glomerulosa= mineralcorticoids Zona fasciculata= glucocorticoids Zona reticularis= gonadocorticoids
69
Function of mineralcorticoids
Regulate electrolytes, mainly Na and K, on extracellular fluid Na affects ECF volume, blood volume, BO and levels of other ions K sets RMP of cells
70
What is the most potent mineralcorticoid and function
Aldosterone Stimulates Na reabsorption and water retention by kidneys Considered antidiuretic Stimulates K excretion and elimination
71
Function of glucocorticoids
Keep blood sugar levels constant | MaintainBP
72
Most significant glucocorticoid and function
Cortisol Released in response to ACTH Promotes gluconeogenesis Promotes rise in blood glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
73
Most significant gonadocorticoid and what do they contribute to
Androgens Contribute to onset puberty, secondary sex characteristics, and sex drive in females
74
What type of cells does the pancreas have
Exocrine= acinar cells, produce digestive juices Endocrine= pancreatic islets or islets of langerHans
75
What are the type of cells in pancreatic islets
Alpha= glucagon Beta= insulin Gamma- somatostatin
76
What is glucagon
Secretes by pancreas when blood glucose is low
77
Major target of glucagon is what
Liver Promotes glucaneogenesis, glycogenolysis, and release of glucose to blood from liver cells
78
What is insulin
Hypoglycemic agent- lower blood glucose
79
Functions of insulin
Lowers blood glucose levels Enhances transport of glucose into body cells Participates in neuronal development Learning and memory Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
80
What is diabetes mellitus
Hypo secretion of insulin
81
3 cardinal signs of DM
Polyuria Polydipsia-excessive thirst Polyphagia- excessive hunger
82
What is hyperinsulinism
Excessive insulin secretion, resulting in hypoglycemia, disorientation, and unconscious
83
What are two types of diabetes
Type 1- insulin dependent, lack of Type 2- non insulin dependent, inefficient insulin
84
What is function of estrogen in the body
Maturation Secondary sex characteristics Thickening of uterus
85
What is function of progesterone
Breast development | Menstrual cycle
86
Function of testosterone
maturation Sex drive Secondary sex characteristics Sperm production
87
What is pineal gland and function
Small gland hanging from roof of 3rd ventricle of brain Produce melatonin
88
Melatonin is involved in
Timing of sexual maturation Day and night cycle Body temp, sleep, appetite
89
What is thymus
Gland deep to sternum Large in kids but shrinks Hormonal production that are essential for T cell production in immune system

DPT 701: Clincal Anatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions