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anatomy > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where can you find the heart in the human body?

A

superior to diaphragm, medial cavity of thorax, enclosed in mediastinum

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2
Q

Where on the heart is the point of maximum intensity (where contractions are strongest)?

A

apex

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3
Q

Why are contractions the strongest at the bottom of the heart?

A

to prevent blood from pooling

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4
Q

What is the name of the membrane that covers the heart?

A

pericardium

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5
Q

what are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

fibrous + serous

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6
Q

What is the fibrous layer of the pericardium composed of?

A

protiens/fibers (e.g. collagen)

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7
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is double layered and filled with fluid?

A

serous

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8
Q

What is the name of the cavity where serous fluid is found?

A

pericardial cavity

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9
Q

Which layer of the serous pericardium is closest to the heart?

A

visceral

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10
Q

Which layer of the serous pericardium is farthest from the heart?

A

parietal

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11
Q

What is the name of the condition when the serous pericardium gets inflamed and causes a buildup of fluid?

A

pericarditis

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12
Q

What are the three layers of heart tissue?

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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13
Q

which layer of the heart is contractile?

A

myocardium

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14
Q

What anchors the muscle cells of the myocardium?

A

connective tissue made up of collagen and elastin

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15
Q

What is the name of the layer that lines the heart chambers?

A

endocardium

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16
Q

What type of cells make up the endocardium?

A

simple squamous epithelial

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17
Q

Why is the endothelium smooth?

A

help with blood flow through the heart chambers

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18
Q

What separates the left and right atria?

A

interatrial septum

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19
Q

What separates the left and right ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

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20
Q

Where does the left atria receive blood from?

A

lungs (pulmonary)

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21
Q

where does the right atria receive blood from?

A

body (systemic)

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22
Q

Why do the atria have weaker contractions?

A

they just need to get the blood into the ventricles and gravity helps with that

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23
Q

What is the job of the ventricles?

A

expel blood into the arteries

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24
Q

Why do the ventricles have stronger contractions?

A

they have to move the blood further (through the arteries)

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25
Q

Why do ventricles have thicker walls than atria?

A

their contractions are stronger

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26
Q

Where does blood from the left ventricle go to?

A

to the body via aorta

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27
Q

Where does blood from the right ventricle go?

A

to the lungs via pulmonary artery/trunk

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28
Q

Which direction is blood found in an artery going?

A

away from the heart

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29
Q

Which direction is blood found in a vein going?

A

back towards the heart

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30
Q

Which major vessel brings blood to the right atrium?

A

vena cava –> inferior = from body
superior = from the brain

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31
Q

Which major vessel brings blood to the left atrium?

A

pulmonary viens

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32
Q

pathway of blood:

A

right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary sl valve > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vien > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic sl valve > aorta > body > vena cava (repeat)

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33
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

blood flow to and from the myocardium

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34
Q

What is the job of coronary arteries?

A

deliver nutrient to the myocardium

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35
Q

What is the job of the coronary viens?

A

take away waste form myocardium

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36
Q

Another name for a heart attack…

A

myocardial infarction

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37
Q

How does blood move through the heart?

A

pressure gradients (area of high pressure to low pressure)

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38
Q

What is the job of valves?

A

prevent backflow

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39
Q

What is the name of the valves between atrium/ventricles?

A

atrioventricular valves

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40
Q

What is the name of the valves between ventricles and arteries?

A

semilunar valves

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41
Q

Name of right av valve…

A

tricuspid

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42
Q

Name of left av valve…

A

mitral

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43
Q

name of right sl valve..

A

pulmonary sl valve

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44
Q

Name of left sl valve…

A

aortic sl valve

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45
Q

what is the name of the structure that keeps av valves shut during ventricular contractions?

A

chordae tendinae

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46
Q

Where do the chordae tendinae attach?

A

valves and papillary muscles

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47
Q

What happen to persons heart rate is a valve is leaking + why?

A

it goes up due to inefficient pumping

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48
Q

What is the ‘lub’ heart noise indicating?

A

av valve closing

49
Q

What is the ‘dub’ heart noise indicating?

A

sl valve closing

50
Q

What does a heart murmur indicate?

A

turbulent blood flow (can be caused by a valve that doesn’t fully open)

51
Q

What carries electrical current/action potentials?

A

sarcolemma

52
Q

Where are cardiac muscle cells found?

A

myocardium

53
Q

Name three features of cardiac muscle cells:

A

1) intercalated discs/striations
2) gap junctions between cells
3) packed with desmosomes for strength

54
Q

What is the purpose of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells?

A

allow AP and ions to pass between cells

55
Q

Why is cardiac muscle called a functional syncytium?

A

they’re a coordinated, functional unit because of an electrical link

56
Q

Define action potential:

A

rapid and predictable change in ion distribution

57
Q

What are the three types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

pacemaker cells, contractile cells, conducting cells

58
Q

Which cardiac muscle cell can make their own AP?

A

pacemaker cells

59
Q

Can pacemaker cells contract?

A

nopeeee

60
Q

Which cardiac muscle cells carry AP from pacemaker cells?

A

conducting cells

61
Q

Which cells contract in response to action potential and make up a majority of the myocardium?

A

contractile cells

62
Q

Does the contraction occur in atria or ventricles first?

A

atria

63
Q

What is threshold?

A

cell reached a voltage where an AP can occur (point of no return )

64
Q

What is depolarization?

A

cell become more +

65
Q

What is repolarization?

A

cell becomes more negative

66
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

unequal distribution of charged molecules on either side of the plasma membrane

67
Q

What is pacemaker potential?

A

a depolarization event that causes a cell to reach threshold

68
Q

Which ion enters the cell during depolarization?

A

Na+

69
Q

Which ion enters the cell after threshold is reached?

A

Ca2+

70
Q

Which ion leaves the cell during repolarization?

A

K+

71
Q

Do pacemaker cells ever rest?

A

no, they are always depolarizing or repolarizing

72
Q

What are the three locations in the heart you can find pacemaker cells?

A

1) Sinoatrial nodes
2) atrioventricular nodes
3) purkinje fibers

73
Q

Which node in the heart is ‘dominant’?

A

SA node

74
Q

If the SA node fires at 80 action potentials/minute, what is your heart rate?

A

80 BPM

75
Q

What division of the nervous system helps the heart slow down?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

76
Q

What division of the nervous system helps the heart rate increase?

A

sympathetic nervous system

77
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect?

A

slowing down the amount of time it takes to reach threshold

78
Q

What hormones can increase heart rate?

A

adrenaline and TH

79
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

resting heart rate above 100 BPM

80
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

resting heart rate below 60 BPM

81
Q

How does AP move through the atria?

A

freely and quickly

82
Q

What does the AP go through to get to the ventricles?

A

internodal pathway

83
Q

What are the parts of the internodal pathway?

A

AV node, bundle of His, purkinje fibers

84
Q

Where do the purkinje fibers take the AP?

A

from the apex up the ventricular walls

85
Q

AP pathway through the heart:

A

SA node > atria (freely) > AV node > bundle of HIS > purkinje fibers > ventricles

86
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

irregular conduction of AP which leads to irregular heart beats

87
Q

What is heart block?

A

AP can’t pass from atrium to ventricles

88
Q

How do you treat heart block?

A

insert a pacemaker

89
Q

When producing an AP in the myocardium, what are the three phases?

A

1) Depolarization
2) Plateau
3) Repolarization

90
Q

What is happening during the depolarization phase (AP in myocardium)?

A

Na+ channels open and close quickly

91
Q

What is happening during the plateau phase (AP in myocardium)?

A

Ca2+ and K+ channels are open

92
Q

The influx of which ion causes contraction?

A

Ca2+

93
Q

Which ion has to do with the cross bridge cycle?

A

Ca2+

94
Q

What is happening during the repolarization phase (AP in myocardium)?

A

Ca2+ and K+ channels close to end the action potential

95
Q

Does a pump or channel facilitate active transport?

A

pump (channel is passive)

96
Q

What is an EKG/ECG?

A

a measurement of all electrical activity in the heart at a given moment

97
Q

What is happening in the heart when a P wave is shown?

A

cells in the atria are depolarizing

98
Q

What is happening in the heart when the QRS complex shows up?

A

cells of the atria are repolarizing and the ventricles are depolarizing

99
Q

When does atrial contraction occur (on an ECG)?

A

the PR segment

100
Q

What is happening in the heart when the T wave is shown?

A

ventricles are repolarizing

101
Q

When does ventricular contraction occur (on an ECG)?

A

the ST segment

102
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

all events associated with blood flow from the heart

103
Q

What is systole?

A

the contraction phase

104
Q

What is diastole?

A

the relaxation phase

105
Q

What is happening in the first phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Both the atria and ventricles are in diastole, AV Valves open, SL valves closed, passive filling of both chambers

106
Q

What is happening during the second phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

atrial systole, ventricular diastole, AV valves open, SL valves closed, final 20% of blood enters ventricles, EDV is reached

107
Q

What is happening during the 3a phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

isovolumetric contraction phase, ventricle starts contracting, no blood movement yet, atria enter diastole, all valves are closed (pressure in ventricles goes up)

108
Q

What is happening in the 3b phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular ejection, AV closed, SL open, blood goes into arteries due to pressure gradient

109
Q

What is happening during the fourth phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Isovolumetric relaxation, ventricles enter diastole, all valves are closed, ESV reached

110
Q

What is stroke volume and how can you calculate it?

A

the amount of blood that leaves the heart during ventricular ejection; SV=EDV-ESV

111
Q

What is the wiggers diagram?

A

a big graph that allows us to track electrical events, mechanical events, and flow all in one place (three different y axis, time on x)

112
Q

What is the order in which the valves open/close as shown on the wiggers pressure diagram?

A

AV close, SL open, SL close, AV open

113
Q

What is cardiac output? (& how do you calculate it)

A

volume of blood that goes through the heart in a minute
CO=HR x SV

114
Q

Why do more fit people have a higher stroke volume?

A

exercise builds cardiac muscle which allows more blood to get pumped out

115
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

the difference in cardiac output between rest and maximum intensity

116
Q

What are the three way to change cardiac reserve?

A

1) change stroke volume
2) increase efficiency
3) lower afterload

117
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?

A

the SV is dependent on EDV so as EDV increases, the contractions become more effeincient and when more blood is ejected the ESV goes down… together, a lower ESV and higher EDV lead to a higher SV

118
Q

What is afterload?

A

pressure the ventricles have to overcome to expel blood

119
Q

Why does a higher blood pressure lead to a higher resting heart rate?

A

when the arterial pressure goes up, the SL valves aren’t open for as long (refer to wiggers diagram) which leads to a decrease in SV so to keep the amount of blood ejected to your body the same, the HR goes up to compensate

anatomy (10 decks)

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