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anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four processes of respiration?

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration

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2
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

air moving in/out of lungs

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3
Q

What is external respiration?

A

pushing O2 into blood and CO2 out

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4
Q

What is gas transport?

A

moving CO2 and O2 throughout the blood

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5
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

movement of gases between blood and body cells

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6
Q

What structures are included in the upper respiratory system?

A

nose and pharynx

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7
Q

What does the nose do?

A

filters things out that shouldn’t go into your lungs and humidifies the air (adds moisture)

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8
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

connects the nose/mouth to larynx

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9
Q

What structures are included in the lower respiratory system?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi/bronchioles, diaphragm

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10
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

contains epiglottis and vocal cords

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

helps to prevent aspiration

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12
Q

What does the trachea do?

A

lined with cilia to help move dust/debris out of lower respiratory system

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13
Q

What are the bronchi/bronchioles?

A

smalls tubes that carry air to lungs

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14
Q

What are the terminal bronchioles?

A

the last set of bronchioles

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15
Q

Why are bronchioles made of smooth muscle tissue?

A

so they can constrict/dilate

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16
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm and why?

A

skeletal muscle so you can voluntarily control it

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17
Q

What part of the bronchiole tree is the conducting zone?

A

the top… everything until the terminal bronchi (primary, secondary, etc)

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18
Q

What structures are included in the respiratory zone of the bronchiole tree?

A

terminal bronchi and alveoli

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19
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A

respiratory zone

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20
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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21
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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22
Q

What is name of the connective tissue that surrounds each lung?

A

pleurae

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23
Q

Where is the apex + base of each lung?

A

apex = superior
base = inferior

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24
Q

Why are the pleura completely separate of each other?

A

if one lung collapses, the other won’t

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25
Q

What are the layers of the pleurae?

A

visceral, serous fluid, parietal

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26
Q

How does air enter the lungs?

A

pressure gradients… high –> low

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27
Q

What causes inspiration and expiration?

A

muscle movements that create pressure differentials

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28
Q

What happens to the the lung volume when you are breathing in?

A

diaphragm goes down to allow room for air

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29
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

pressure of air outside the body

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30
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

pressure of air in lungs

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31
Q

How do you calculate respiratory pressure?

A

resp pressure= intrapulmonary pressure- atmospheric pressure

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32
Q

When is the respiratory pressure a positive value?

A

exhaling… atm<intrapulmonary

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33
Q

When is the respiratory pressure a negative value?

A

inhaling… atm>intrapulmonary

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34
Q

How do the pressure gradients change?

A

contractions and relaxations

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35
Q

What happens when contractions increase the space in the thoracic cavity?

A

intrapulmonary pressure decreases and you inhale

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36
Q

What happens when contractions decrease the space in the thoracic cavity?

A

intrapulmonary pressure increases and you exhale

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37
Q

What is quiet breathing?

A

when you aren’t consciously aware that you’re breathing

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38
Q

Which three muscles are involved in quiet breathing?

A

diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals

39
Q

When does the diaphragm contract/relax during quiet breathing?

A

contract= inhale
relax= exhale

40
Q

When do the external intercostals contract/relax during quiet breathing?

A

contract = inhale
relax = exhale

41
Q

When do the internal intercostals contract/relax during quiet breathing?

A

contract = exhale
relax = inhale

42
Q

Which muscles are involved in forced inspiration?

A

scalines and pectoral minor contract (also a stronger diaphragm contraction)

43
Q

Which muscles are involved in forced expiration?

A

abdominal muscles and internal intercostals contract (all others relax)

44
Q

What is inspiratory reserve?

A

amount of air you could breath in with maximal effort

45
Q

What is expiratory reserve?

A

amount of air that could be exhaled with maximal effort

46
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

amount of air you breath in/out at baseline

47
Q

What is residual volume?

A

volume of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

48
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation

49
Q

What is minute ventilation and how is it calculated?

A

how much air is moving through the lungs in one minute
MV=breaths/min x volume/breath

50
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

amount of air forcefully exhaled after a full inhale

51
Q

What is forced expiratory volume?

A

amount of air exhaled during a set amount of time

52
Q

What are restrictive lung disorders?

A

a decrease in lung volume caused by a decrease in compliance (stretchiness), costal ossification (stiffness), fibrosis (from smoking/dust), or weakening of inspirational muscles

53
Q

What are obstructive lung disorders?

A

something obstructing the movement of air, usually the bronchioles are affected (bronchitis, asthma)

54
Q

What is happening during an asthma attack and how does an inhaler help?

A

lumen of bronchioles is constricted, an inhaler helps the smooth muscle relax so the bronchioles will be their normal size

55
Q

Why are the alveoli connected by pores?

A

allows air to circulate within them

56
Q

Why are the alveoli surrounded by pulmonary capillaries?

A

brings the air (in alveoli) as close as possible to the blood (in capillaries)

57
Q

Why is it important for there to be lymphatic capillaries around the lungs?

A

you don’t want fluid to build up here and they are able to fight infection

58
Q

What are the three cell types of alveoli?

A

Type I, Type II, Alveolar Macrophages (resident)

59
Q

Which cell type makes up a majority of alveolar cells?

A

Type I

60
Q

Which does the alveolar cell type II cell do?

A

make/secrete surfactant and divide to make type I cells

61
Q

Where are alveolar macrophages found?

A

Inside the alveolar cell membrane

62
Q

Why is surfactant so important?

A

it keeps the alveoli from collapsing in on themselves, reduces surface tension of water droplets so they aren’t attracted to each other

63
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

interface between air and blood

64
Q

What are the three main gases in the air you breathe?

A

O2, N2, CO2

65
Q

What process happens at the respiratory membrane?

A

external respiration (O2 into blood and CO2 into air)

66
Q

What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure?

A

the partial pressure of gas is proportional to the percentage of gas in that mixture… partial pressures add up to total

67
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

gas will dissolve into a liquid in proportion to its partial pressure… higher pressure difference=more/faster into solution

68
Q

How quickly does blood get oxygenated?

A

less than a second

69
Q

Why can hyperventilation be fatal?

A

causes too much CO2 to leave your blood (too much or too little is toxic)

70
Q

What two ailments influence gas exchange?

A

pneumonia and emphysema

71
Q

How does pneumonia affect gas exchange?

A

water builds up and the respiratory membrane has increased thickness

72
Q

How does emphysema affect gas exchange?

A

there is less surface area in the alveoli which reduces the amount of places where gas exchange can occur

73
Q

What is perfusion?

A

rate of blood flow in alveoli

74
Q

What is ventilation?

A

how much air goes into the alveoli

75
Q

What is the goal of ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

obtaining optimal gas exchange

76
Q

What is the smooth muscle in the capillaries for?

A

measures the pressure of O2 and constricts/dilates accordingly

77
Q

When do bronchioles dilate?

A

when CO2 levels are elevated

78
Q

When do pre capillary sphincters dilate?

A

when O2 levels are elevated

79
Q

What effect does bronchiole dilation have?

A

causes an increase in air flow in/out of respiratory zone which leads to an increase of external respiration

80
Q

What is the effect of dilation of pre capillary sphincters?

A

increasing blood flow to respiratory membrane which increases rate of external respiration

81
Q

What does O2 found in blood attach to?

A

hemoglobin

82
Q

What is an oxyhemoglobin?

A

heme bound to oxygen

83
Q

What is a deoxyhemoglobin?

A

heme with no oxygen

84
Q

What part of hemoglobin does CO2 bind to?

A

globin

85
Q

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin bind to?

A

4

86
Q

What happens to the CO2 affinity of a hemoglobin when there is a lot of oxygen present? **

A

decreases

87
Q

What happens to O2 affinity of a hemoglobin when more CO2 is present? **

A

increases

88
Q

Describe the path of O2 from leaving the lungs to when it returns to the respiratory membrane.

A

leaving the lungs… 4 O2 on hemoglobin
at the tissues… a small percent of O2 leaves
respiratory membrane… O2 is ‘dropped off’ here

89
Q

What are the three substances you can find CO2 in?

A

bound to globin, dissolved in plasma, bicarbonate ions (most common)

90
Q

Why does your body convert CO2 to HCO3-?

A

because CO2 is toxic to the body in excess and it would cause your blood to become acidic… bicarbonate is a base

91
Q

How is bicarbonate formed?

A

carbonic anhydrase combines CO2 with H2O (also results in productions of H+ ions)

92
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

as pH changes so does O2 affinity for heme (pH more acidic = decreased affinity)

93
Q

Are the shifts in pH significant when lots of CO2 is produced?

A

no its just a slight shift

94
Q

Why does pH shift matter?

A

decreased pH causes O2 to have a lower affinity for hemoglobin and a higher affinity for CO2

anatomy (10 decks)

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