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Urinary System Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Where is the kidney located in the body?

A

retroperitoneum (outside the rest of the abdominal organs)

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2
Q

What are the layers of connective tissue that cover the kidneys?

A

renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the urinary system(3)?

A

filtering/excretion, regulation, hormone production

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4
Q

What are the two products that leave the kidney?

A

clean blood and waste (urine)

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5
Q

What is in waste excreted from kidneys?

A

salts, water, other waste

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6
Q

What is in the clean blood excreted from the kidneys?

A

cells, proteins, nutrients, ions, salts, water

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7
Q

What is the name of the blood vessels that take blood to and from the kidneys?

A

renal arteries and renal viens

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8
Q

What is the outer portion of the kidney called?

A

renal cortex

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9
Q

What is the inner portion (and the location of renal pyramids/columns) called?

A

renal medulla

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10
Q

What structures hold the collecting ducts?

A

renal pyramids

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11
Q

What is the space between the renal pyramids called?

A

renal column

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12
Q

What is the name of the tubes that deliver urine to the urinary bladder?

A

ureters

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13
Q

What is the structural/functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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14
Q

Why are the capillaries of the glomerulus fenestrated?

A

small enough that cells can’t get through but filtrate can

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15
Q

What structure surrounds the glomerulus?

A

Bowmans capsule

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16
Q

Which layer of Bowmans contains podocytes?

A

visceral

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17
Q

What order does the filtrate flow through the tubules?

A

PCT, descending limb, loop of henle, ascending limb, DCT

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18
Q

Where does filtrate go after it leaves the distal convoluted tubule?

A

collecting ducts

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19
Q

Where do collecting ducts dump into?

A

renal pelvis

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20
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

amount of all molecules dissolved in 1L

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21
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

capillaries surrounding the loop of henle

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22
Q

Where are the filtration slits?

A

between podocytes

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23
Q

What does a podocyte do?

A

its feet surround the glomerulus capillaries to allow filtrate to enter Bowmans capsule

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24
Q

Where do things that leave PCT go to?

A

peritubular capillaries

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25
What is tubular reabsorption?
filtrate back to blood
26
What is tubular secretion?
blood into filtrate
27
What leaves the filtrate during tubular reabsorption?
water, nutrients, ions
28
What leaves the filtrate on the descending limb?
water
29
What leaves the filtrate on the ascending limb?
salt (Na+)
30
What are the main jobs of the DCT?
regulate blood pressure and flow rate into the nephron
31
Where do collecting ducts dump their waste?
renal pelvis
32
What is in the filtrate when it reaches the collecting ducts?
mostly water and waste
33
Where is the osmolarity the highest?
deep in the medulla
34
What creates the osmolarity gradient in the loop?
ascending limb pumping out salt
35
What causes the descending limb to pump out water?
osmolarity gradient
36
How is salt pumped out of ascending limb?
Na+/K+ ATPase pump
37
What is an aquaporin for?
allows for passive movement of water from high to low concentration
38
What is the counter current multiplier?
loop of Henle
39
What is the counter current exchanger?
vasa recta
40
What is the vasa recta?
large, slow moving, porous capillary
41
What does the vasa recta do?
uptake of salt and water from the interstitial fluid
42
Where are cortical nephrons found?
higher in the cortex
43
Where are juxtamedullary nephrons found?
they extend further down into the medulla
44
Why is the longer nephron helpful?
pulls more Na+ and water out of the filtrate
45
How does the collecting duct adjust urine concentration?
change the number of aquaporins
46
What hormone inhibits urine output?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
47
Does ADH add or remove aquaporins?
add
48
What causes more ADH to be released?
dehydration
49
What happens when the afferent arteriole vasocontricts?
decreased blood flow to glomerulus and decreased filtrate production
50
What happens when the afferent arteriole vasodilates?
increased blood flow to glomerulus and increased filtrate formation
51
What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)?
pressure of blood pushing into Bowmans
52
What is capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)?
pushback from PCT due to filtrate buildup
53
What is colloid osmotic pressure (COP)?
suction of blood leaving on efferent arteriole
54
What is net filtration pressure (NFP)?
pressure that drives filtrate formation
55
What is the equation for NFP?
NFP= GHP-(COP+CHP)
56
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
interface between afferent arteriole and DCT
57
What cells are in the wall of DCT?
macula densa
58
What do macula densa cells do?
measure Na+ and Cl- levels in filtrate
59
What are the cells in the wall of afferent arteriole?
granule cells
60
What do granule cells do?
measure blood pressure and release renin
61
What do macula densa cells release that constricts afferent arteriole?
ATP
62
What do macula densa cells release that dilate afferent arteriole?
nitric oxide
63
When do macula densa cells release ATP?
when you're dehydrated
64
When do macula densa cells release nitric oxide?
when you're hydrated

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