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anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the kidney located in the body?

A

retroperitoneum (outside the rest of the abdominal organs)

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2
Q

What are the layers of connective tissue that cover the kidneys?

A

renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the urinary system(3)?

A

filtering/excretion, regulation, hormone production

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4
Q

What are the two products that leave the kidney?

A

clean blood and waste (urine)

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5
Q

What is in waste excreted from kidneys?

A

salts, water, other waste

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6
Q

What is in the clean blood excreted from the kidneys?

A

cells, proteins, nutrients, ions, salts, water

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7
Q

What is the name of the blood vessels that take blood to and from the kidneys?

A

renal arteries and renal viens

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8
Q

What is the outer portion of the kidney called?

A

renal cortex

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9
Q

What is the inner portion (and the location of renal pyramids/columns) called?

A

renal medulla

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10
Q

What structures hold the collecting ducts?

A

renal pyramids

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11
Q

What is the space between the renal pyramids called?

A

renal column

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12
Q

What is the name of the tubes that deliver urine to the urinary bladder?

A

ureters

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13
Q

What is the structural/functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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14
Q

Why are the capillaries of the glomerulus fenestrated?

A

small enough that cells can’t get through but filtrate can

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15
Q

What structure surrounds the glomerulus?

A

Bowmans capsule

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16
Q

Which layer of Bowmans contains podocytes?

A

visceral

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17
Q

What order does the filtrate flow through the tubules?

A

PCT, descending limb, loop of henle, ascending limb, DCT

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18
Q

Where does filtrate go after it leaves the distal convoluted tubule?

A

collecting ducts

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19
Q

Where do collecting ducts dump into?

A

renal pelvis

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20
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

amount of all molecules dissolved in 1L

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21
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

capillaries surrounding the loop of henle

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22
Q

Where are the filtration slits?

A

between podocytes

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23
Q

What does a podocyte do?

A

its feet surround the glomerulus capillaries to allow filtrate to enter Bowmans capsule

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24
Q

Where do things that leave PCT go to?

A

peritubular capillaries

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25
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

filtrate back to blood

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26
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

blood into filtrate

27
Q

What leaves the filtrate during tubular reabsorption?

A

water, nutrients, ions

28
Q

What leaves the filtrate on the descending limb?

A

water

29
Q

What leaves the filtrate on the ascending limb?

A

salt (Na+)

30
Q

What are the main jobs of the DCT?

A

regulate blood pressure and flow rate into the nephron

31
Q

Where do collecting ducts dump their waste?

A

renal pelvis

32
Q

What is in the filtrate when it reaches the collecting ducts?

A

mostly water and waste

33
Q

Where is the osmolarity the highest?

A

deep in the medulla

34
Q

What creates the osmolarity gradient in the loop?

A

ascending limb pumping out salt

35
Q

What causes the descending limb to pump out water?

A

osmolarity gradient

36
Q

How is salt pumped out of ascending limb?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

37
Q

What is an aquaporin for?

A

allows for passive movement of water from high to low concentration

38
Q

What is the counter current multiplier?

A

loop of Henle

39
Q

What is the counter current exchanger?

A

vasa recta

40
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

large, slow moving, porous capillary

41
Q

What does the vasa recta do?

A

uptake of salt and water from the interstitial fluid

42
Q

Where are cortical nephrons found?

A

higher in the cortex

43
Q

Where are juxtamedullary nephrons found?

A

they extend further down into the medulla

44
Q

Why is the longer nephron helpful?

A

pulls more Na+ and water out of the filtrate

45
Q

How does the collecting duct adjust urine concentration?

A

change the number of aquaporins

46
Q

What hormone inhibits urine output?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

47
Q

Does ADH add or remove aquaporins?

A

add

48
Q

What causes more ADH to be released?

A

dehydration

49
Q

What happens when the afferent arteriole vasocontricts?

A

decreased blood flow to glomerulus and decreased filtrate production

50
Q

What happens when the afferent arteriole vasodilates?

A

increased blood flow to glomerulus and increased filtrate formation

51
Q

What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)?

A

pressure of blood pushing into Bowmans

52
Q

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)?

A

pushback from PCT due to filtrate buildup

53
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure (COP)?

A

suction of blood leaving on efferent arteriole

54
Q

What is net filtration pressure (NFP)?

A

pressure that drives filtrate formation

55
Q

What is the equation for NFP?

A

NFP= GHP-(COP+CHP)

56
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

interface between afferent arteriole and DCT

57
Q

What cells are in the wall of DCT?

A

macula densa

58
Q

What do macula densa cells do?

A

measure Na+ and Cl- levels in filtrate

59
Q

What are the cells in the wall of afferent arteriole?

A

granule cells

60
Q

What do granule cells do?

A

measure blood pressure and release renin

61
Q

What do macula densa cells release that constricts afferent arteriole?

A

ATP

62
Q

What do macula densa cells release that dilate afferent arteriole?

A

nitric oxide

63
Q

When do macula densa cells release ATP?

A

when you’re dehydrated

64
Q

When do macula densa cells release nitric oxide?

A

when you’re hydrated

anatomy (10 decks)

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