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anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(120 cards)

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1
Q

What are the organs in the gastrointestinal tract?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

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2
Q

What are the main accessory organs?

A

Teeth, tongue, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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3
Q

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion - food entering
Mechanical breakdown - making the pieces smaller
Propulsion - moving ingested food
Chemical digestion - converts ingested food into useful chemicals
Absorption - bringing chemicals into body for use
Defection- excreting good waste

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4
Q

Which layer of digestive tissue lines the lumen?

A

Mucosa

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5
Q

What are the four layers of digestive tissue (deep—> superficial)?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the mucosa?

A

-thin epithelial cells
-functions in secretion, absorption, and protection
-made of two layers… lamina propria and muscularis propria (made of smooth muscle to help with movement)

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the submucosa layer?

A

-connective tissue
-contains capillaries (absorption), lymph vessels/nodes, sensory nerve fibers, and elastic fibers (expansion)

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the muscularis externa?

A

-2 smooth muscle layers
-functions in propulsion and mixture

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the serosa?

A

-made of CT and epithelial cells
-has some immune cells

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10
Q

What is the job of the enteric nervous system?

A

move food from one place to another (has lots of reflex arcs that are fast and automatic)

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11
Q

What is the difference between simple and parallel processing?

A

simple requires no brain involvement and is fast/predictable, parallel requires the brain and has more diverse outcomes

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12
Q

What is the path of a long reflex arc?

A

stimulus –> receptor –> sensory neuron –> spinal cord –> motor neuron –> effector –> response

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13
Q

Which part of the long reflex arc is not involved in a short reflex?

A

spinal cord

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14
Q

What accessory organ in the mouth performs mechanical breakdown?

A

teeth

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15
Q

Can the mouth help with the digestion of food?

A

yes but not a lot because its only there for a short period of time

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16
Q

What type of cells line the mouth and why are they beneficial?

A

stratified squamous epithelium (protection)

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17
Q

What is a bolus?

A

a single swallow of food

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18
Q

Why is saliva slightly acidic?

A

helps to fight off pathogens

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19
Q

What does amylase do?

A

breaks down starch

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20
Q

What does lipase do?

A

breaks down fat

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21
Q

What type of glands are salivary glands?

A

exocrine

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22
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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23
Q

What type of cell is the pharynx made out of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

What do the mucous producing glands of the pharynx do?

A

helps keep the bolus moving

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25
What is deglutition?
swallowing
26
What are the two phases of swallowing?
buccal and pharyngeal-esophageal phase
27
What happens during the buccal phase of swallowing?
tongue presses against hard palate and bolus transfer is initiated (voluntary process)
28
What happens during the pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing?
nasopharynx closes off and epiglottis blocks trachea to prevent aspiration (involuntary process)
29
What is the job of the esophagus?
move bolus to stomach
30
What are the sphincters in the esophagus for?
performing peristalsis
31
What is peristalsis?
bolus causes stretching and that causes a contraction above it which pushes it down the esophagus
32
What sphincter opens to allow bolus to enter stomach?
gastroesophageal sphincter
33
Why does the lumen of the esophagus have folds?
allows for expansion
34
What type of muscle tissue is found in the esophagus?
upper 1/3 = skeletal middle 1/3 = transition from skeletal to smooth lower 1/3 = smooth
35
What is the stomach responsible for?
reservoir for food, slowly release food into small intestine, mechanical breakdown, some chemical digestion, produce appetite control hormones, absorption (alcohol)
36
What does the gastroesophageal sphincter do?
keeps acid in stomach and allows bolus from esophagus to enter
37
Where is the fundus and what does it do?
upper portion of stomach, release hormones for satiety
38
What is the rugae?
folds in the stomach that help with stretching
39
Where is the pyloric sphincter?
opening to the small intestine... bottom of stomach
40
Where are stomach contractions the highest?
pyloric antrum
41
What are the greater and lesser omentums for?
supplying and storing nutrients
42
What is GERD?
gastroesophageal reflex disorder, result of long term and repeated acid reflex
43
How does acid reflex occur?
stomach has pacemaker cells so its always contracting and if there is a problem with the lower gastroesophageal sphincter, the acid can get into the esophagus
44
What are the four gastric gland cells?
mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells, enteroendocrine cells
45
What makes up gastric juice?
enzymes and acid
46
Where is gastric juice produced?
gastric pits
47
What type of cells is the stomach mucosa made of?
simple columnar
48
What does the basic slime do?
helps protect cells from acid
49
What is the job of microvilli?
increase surface area
50
What do parietal cells produce?
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor
51
What are the three functions of HCl?
denature proteins, antimicrobial agent, activates enzymes
52
Why is intrinsic factor required to live?
its needed for erythropoiesis
53
Are digestion and denaturing the same thing?
no !!
54
What three things help protect your cells from stomach acid?
tight junctions, basic slime, underlying stem cells
55
How do you get stomach ulcers?
the bacteria H. pylori can dig through mucous cells and break open tight junctions which allows your stomach acid to get in and erode the cells
56
What do chief cells produce?
pepsinogen and lipase
57
How does pepsinogen get activated?
HCl + pepsinogen = pepsin
58
What does pepsin do?
breaks down proteins
59
What do enteroendocrine cells release/produce?
serotonin, gastrin, and histamine
60
Why do enteroendrocine cells have lots of blood vessels?
release hormones into blood
61
How do enteroendocrine cells play a role in producing HCl?
they produce gastrin and histamine which make HCl when they reach a parietal cell
62
Which hormones increase the production of gastric juices?
gastrin and histamine (technically not a hormone)
63
What hormone decreases production of gastric juices?
gastrin inhibitors
64
What are the three phases of gastric juice production?
cephalic, gastric, and intestinal
65
How is the cephalic phase activated?
starts before you eat when you see/smell/think about food
66
What happens when the cephalic phase is activated?
the P-ANS activates enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL) that produce histmine. histamine interacts with parietal cells to increase HCl and indirectly increase pepsin
67
How is the gastric phase activated?
starts when bolus enters stomach due to the stimuli: stomach distension, present of undigested proteins, and caffeine
68
What is a G cell?
a type of enteroendocrine cell that releases gastrin
69
What is the indirect effect of gastrin?
activates ECL cells to release histamine which interacts with parietal cells to release HCl
70
What hormones can be released during the intestinal phase?
secretin (more HCl) gastrin inhibitors (less HCl)
71
What does the duodenum do during the intestinal phase?
tests chyme to check for acidity and release hormones accordingly
72
What three factors can cause gastric juice production to stop?
pH gets too low, gastrin inhibiting hormones released, or sympathetic nervous system activity increases
73
What is the product of broken down fats?
monoglycerides and fatty acids
74
How is protein broken down?
protein + HCl = polypeptide chain + pepsin = amino acids
75
What are the three layers the muscular externa?
Oblique, circular, longitudinal
76
What causes mechanical breakdown in the stomach?
contractions
77
How often does the stomach contract?
3x/minute
78
How does dissension affect contractions?
cause increased strength
79
Why are contractions strongest at pyloric antrum?
reduce how much food is released into small intestine
80
How much chyle does the small intestine receive (and return) per minute?
receives ~30mL and returns ~27mL
81
What two types of propulsion does the small intestine perform?
peristalsis and segmentation
82
What does a segmentation contraction do to chyle?
pushes it in both directions
83
What are the folds in the small intestine called?
plicae circulares
84
What makes up the brush border of SI?
enzymes and dense microvilli
85
What the five cells of the small intestine?
enterocyte, panted cells, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, stem cells
86
What do enterocytes do?
make enzymes and allow for absorption (simple columnar epithelium)
87
What do paneth cells do?
make antimicrobial compounds
88
What do goblet cells do?
produce mucous for lubrication
89
What do the stem cells in the small intestine do?
replace cells that are killed by the acidity of the chyme
90
What type of cells make up the mucosa of the small intestine?
simple columnar epithelium
91
What are Peyer's patches?
lymphoid tissue found in distal small intestine
92
What are Peyer's patches?
lymphoid tissue found in distal small intestine
93
What do duodenal glands produce?
alkaline mucous
94
Where is intestinal juice produced?
intestinal crypts
95
Is intestinal juice alkaline or acidic?
alkaline (made mostly of water)
96
What activates the intestinal crypts?
distension
97
Where can you find a high concentration of crypts and a low concentration of goblet cells?
duodenum
98
Where can you find a low concentration of crypts and a high concentration of goblet cells?
ileum
99
Why are more goblet cells found at the end of the small intestine?
they produce lubricant that helps because the chyle drys out as it moves
100
What does the pancreas produce to aid in digestion?
pancreatic juice that contains pancreatic enzymes
101
What three (kinda four) enzymes are found in pancreatic juice?
pancreatic amylase (starch) pancreatic lipase (fats) trypsin and chymotrypsin (protein)
102
When is more pancreatic juice released?
when you have a fatty meal or undigested proteins or secretin and CCK are present
103
What does the liver do?
stores nutrients, activates hormones and vitamins, and produces bile
104
What does the gallbladder do?
stores bile and releases it through the bile duct
105
What are bile salts?
found in bile and emulsify (break apart) fat to make it easier to be digested
106
Are emulsification and digestion the same thing?
no
107
How/where are carbs digested?
partially with saliva but mostly in the small intestine
108
How are carbs broken down?
carbs + amylase = disaccharides + brush border enzymes = monosaccharides (end result)
109
Where are proteins digested?
~10/15% in the stomach but primarily in the small intestine
110
How are proteins broken down?
protein + trypsin/chemotrypsin = smaller amino acid chains + brush border enzymes = free amino acids
111
Where are lipids digested?
small intestine
112
How are lipids broken down?
fat + bile salts = emulsified fat + lipase = free fatty acids + bile salts = micelles
113
What is a micelle?
a free fatty acid surrounded in bile salts that can be absorbed
114
What are the two processes of absorption for free amino acids and monosaccharides?
co-transport and facilitated diffusion
115
What cell absorbs free amino acids and monosaccharides?
enterocyte
116
What do amino acids and monosaccharides travel into enterocytes with?
sodium ions
117
How is fat absorbed?
micelle goes into enterocyte by simple diffusion and is then a triglyceride and then is excreted into lymphatic capillary
118
What does the small intestine absorb?
vitamins, electrolytes, and water
119
What is the large intestine primarily responsible for?
defacation
120
What structure moves feces through large intestine?
haustra

anatomy (10 decks)

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