Heart sounds

Question 1

Causes of a loud S2

Answer 1

hypertension: systemic (loud A2) or pulmonary (loud P2)
hyperdynamic states
atrial septal defect without pulmonary hypertension

Question 2

Causes of a soft S2

Answer 2

Aortic stenosis

Question 3

Causes of a fixed split S2

Answer 3

Atrial septal defect

Question 4

Causes of a widely split S2

Answer 4

deep inspiration
RBBB
pulmonary stenosis
severe mitral regurgitation

Question 5

Causes of a REVERSED split S2- P2 occurs before A2

Answer 5

LBBB
severe aortic stenosis
right ventricular pacing
WPW type B (causes early P2)
patent ductus arteriosus