Helping

Question 1

Kin selection

Answer 1

More likely to help our family members to enhance survival of our genes.

Question 2

Egoistic Model

Answer 2

Helping to gain something

Question 3

Social exchange theory

Answer 3

Helping is explained by people seeking to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs.

Question 4

Negative state-relief theory

Answer 4

More incline to help reduce negative feeling in yourself.

Question 5

Empathy-altruism theory

Answer 5

Driven by empathy & caring for others.

Question 6

Altruism born of suffering results (Vollhardt, 2009)

Answer 6

Suffering can lead to increased helping behavior

Question 7

Attribution model of helping

Answer 7

• How we are influenced to help people

1. Attribution
   a) external – uncontrollable by person
   b) Internal – Controllable by person
2. Emotion
   a) Sympathy
   b) No Sympathy
3. Action
   a) Helping
   b) No helping

Question 8

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 8

• Failure of help occurs b/c responsibility spreads across bystanders.
• More likely to help if person is alone
• Large group less likely to help b/c of the thought that somebody else will take responsibility

Question 9

Interpretive Ambiguity

Answer 9

Bystanders sometimes fail to help b/c they do not define the situation as an emergency (interpretation of situation)

Question 10

Evaluation apprehension

Answer 10

Worried about being judged on HOW they helped

Question 11

Gendered nature of help (Cherry, 1995)

Answer 11

• Theory: attack was violence of a man against a woman, which is sometimes seen as typical.
• Results: Male on female received least amount of help.

Question 12

Relationship status & helping (shotland & straw 1976)

Answer 12

• Factors: In a relationship, attire

* Results: less likely to help if bystanders believe that ppl. in the situation are in the relationship.

Question 13

Emotions, group membership & helping (stumer, 2005)

Answer 13

• Member of in-group more likely to hep & empathize with another in-group member.

Question 14

Five factors that increase helping

Answer 14

1. Appeal to common or shared identity (in group vs. out group)
2. Make personalized appeal (target certain individuals)
3. Elicit emotions (strong emotions, more likely to intervene)
4. Model Altruism (Learning) – teach helping to children
5. Increase salience (attention) of descriptive norms related to norms.