Hematological Disorders Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
bone marrow
A
bld forming tissue, produces cell components of bld, all develop from common stem cell.
2
Q
types of bld cells
A
RBC WBC platelets
3
Q
function of RBC
A
oxygenation
4
Q
hemoglobin
A
transports O2
5
Q
erythropoiesis
A
production of RBC, regulated by cellular O2 requirements and general metabolic activity, influenced by nutrition
6
Q
reticulocyte
A
immature erythrocyte
7
Q
how long for reticulocyte to mature
A
when released, 48 hours
8
Q
RBC life span
A
120 days
9
Q
anemia
A
dec in RBC, hemoglobin, & hematocrit
10
Q
CM for mild anemia
A
Hb 10-14, palpitations, exertional dyspnea, may not have symptoms
11
Q
CM for moderate anemia
A
Hb 6-10, inc palpitations, dyspnea
12
Q
CM for severe anemia
A
Hb <6, affects all body systems
13
Q
cytic
A
cell size
14
Q
chromic
A
hemoglobin content
15
Q
types of “cytic”
A
micro, macro, normo
16
Q
types of “chromic”
A
hypo, normo
17
Q
types of macrocytic normochromic
A
pernicious anemia, folic acid anemia
18
Q
types of microcytic hypochromic
A
iron deficiency anemia
19
Q
pernicious anemia
A
impaired vit B12 absorption
20
Q
what is vit B12 used for?
A
DNA synthesis
21
Q
patho of p.a
A
defective gastric secretion of intrinsic factor
22
Q
what is intrinsic factor needed for
A
absorption of extrinsic factor (Vit B12)
23
Q
etiology of p.a
A
gastric atrophy, surgery
24
Q
what does gastric bypass do?
A
can reduce amt. of intrinsic factor
25
CM for p.a
weakness, fatigue,
general symptoms
GI problems- in gastic mucosa (sore mouth, anorexia, nausea, abd pain)
Neurological problems- need vit B12 for normal nerve "f", neuropathy, balance, muscles, concentration --- can be irreversible
26
how long b4 damage is permanent
3-6 months
27
diagnosis for p.a
serum B12, RBS, H&H, Schillings test
28
schillings test
pt. drinks vit B12 substance, measure amt. of substance excreted in urine.
if absorbs, they don't have p.a
29
treatment for p.a
Vit B12 injections
30
Folic acid anemia
lack of vit folate.
31
what is folate needed for?
DNA synthesis, which leads to RBC formation
32
etiology of f.a.a
poor nutrition
poor absorption
alcohol abuse
33
most common cause of f.a.a
alcohol abuse
34
CM for f.a.a
same as p.a EXCEPT NO NEURO PROBLEMS
35
diagnostic tests for f.a.a
serum folate, RBC, H&H
36
treatment for f.a.a
folic acid
37
iron deficiency anemia
depletion of iron in body
38
result of i.d.a
dec supply of iron for hemoglobin
39
patho of i.d.a
iron stores for RBS production depleted
not enough iron transported to bone marrow
altered rbc production starts
hemoglobin deficient RBCs enter circulation and replace normal ones
40
etiology of i.d.a
inadequate intake (diet)
malabsorption
blood loss
pregnancy
41
most common cause of i.d.a
diet, inadequate intake
42
CM for i.d.a
tongue and lips inflamed
H/A
numbness, tingling
confusion
43
diagnostic tests for i.d.a
serum iron, RBC, H&H
44
treatment for i.d.a
treat cause
| iron supplements
45
polycythemia
inc RBC
| causes thick bld, excess volume
46
polycythemia vera
primary
caused by excessive proliferation of erythrocyte precursors in marrow
myeloproliferative disorder
47
what does P.vera cause
inc in granulocytes/platelets
48
secondary polycythemia
caused by hypoxia
| inc erythropoetin due to underlying systemic disorder
49
who has higher risk for hypoxia
people with history of COPD, resp. conditions, CHF, people who smokes, live in higher altitudes
50
effects of polycythemia
dec bld. flow, inc bp, risk of bld. clot, injury to tissues, tissue infarction
51
CM for polycythemia
```
PELSHCVP
plethora
enlarged retinal/cerebral veins
liver enlargement
spleen enlargement
H/A
confusion
visual changes
painful itching
```
52
diagnostic tests for polycythemia
blood tests (CBC), bone marrow biopsy
53
treatment for polycythemia
reduce BV- phlebotomy
fluids
meds to dec bone marrow activity
54
leukocytes
responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria and foreign particles.
55
types of leukocytes
granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes
56
types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
57
neutrophils
primary phagocytic cell involved in inflam. process
58
eosinophils
engulf antigen-antibody complexes formed during allergic response, active in parasitic infections
59
basophils
granules contain heparin, serotonin, histamine
60
lymphocytes
cellular and humoral responses
61
types of lymphocytes
T cells and B cells
62
B cells
stimulated by antigens to produce antibodies
63
T cells
involved in cellular immune response against viruses
64
monocytes
potent phagocytosis. macrophages. interact with lymphocytes.
65
function of thromocytes
bld coag. and control of bleeding
66
normal platelet count
140-340 k
67
thromboctyopenia
dec platelet count. <100 k
68
etiology of thrombocytopenia
```
VNDIT
viral infection
nutritional deficits
drugs
ITP
TTP
```
69
ITP
immune thrombocytopenia purpura
| autoimmune destruction of platelets- antibodies destroy antigens
70
TTP
thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura- platelets aggregate and cause occlusions
71
CM of thrombocytopenia
```
PPPE
petechiae
purpura
prolonged bleeding
ecchymosis
```
72
diagnostic tests for thrombocytopenia
platelet count
| bleeding time
73
treatment for thrombocytopenia
platelets
if ITP- steriods
if TTP- plasma
74
thrombocythemia
elevated platelet count >400 k
75
etiology of thrombocythemia
accelerated production
| splenectomy
76
why does splenectomy cause thrombocythemia
bc the spleen stores platelets. taking out spleen will release platelets.
77
CM of thrombocythemia
```
THTH
thrombosis formation
H/A
TIA- transient ischemia attacks
hemorrhage
```
78
treatment for thrombocythemia
meds to suppress bone marrow
| pheresis- remove platelets
79
clotting mechanisms
PVC
| vascular response, platelets, clotting factors
80
clotting
hemostasis
81
etiology of impaired hemostasis
vit k deficiency
| liver disease
82
vit K is needed for?
clotting factors
83
why is liver disease such a big problem for hemostasis?
the liver produces clotting factors
84
DIC
thrombohemmorhagic disorder.
Disseminated Intravascular Coag.
thrombosis (clotting) and hemmorhage
depletion of platelets and clotting factors
85
etiology for DIC
see related to injury
| shock. infection, obstetric accidents, burns, trauma, liver disease
86
patho for DIC
normal coag mechs enhanced.
excess clotting activates fibrinolytic system
lyses newly formed clots
creates fibrin split products- anticoag properties
loses ability to clot
87
CM for DIC: bleeding
```
pallor
petechiae/bruising
inc RR, HR
hemoptysis
dec BP
GI bleeding
HA, intracranial bleeding
change in MS
```
88
CM for DIC: thrombosis
```
dyspnea
PE
tissue necrosis
ARDS
kidney damage
```
89
diagnostic test for DIC
platelet count- low
fibrin split products- high
bleeding time- high
90
treatment for DIC
treat cause
bld products- for hemorrhage
anticoags- to prevent random bld clots
91
function of spleen
```
FISH
filter- out defective RBC
immune
storage- lymphocytes/platelets
hematopoietic- RBC production
```
92
overactive spleen
hypersplenism
reduction of all circulating bld cells
caused by liver disease, CHF
93
underactive spleen
splenectomy
dec immune response
inc leukocytes
more defective bld cells
94
function of lymphatic capillaries/ducts
carries bld from interstitial spaces to bld
returns excess fluid back to i.s to PREVENT EDEMA
TRANSPORTS PROTEIN/FAT from gi tract to blood/certain hormones
95
function of lymph nodes
contain lymphocytes/monocyte and macrophages
| which clean lymph of foreign part. and microorg.
96
why do lymph nodes enlarge during inf
bc inc macrophage activity
97
lymphadenopathy
enlargement of lymph nodes
98
types of lymphadenopathy
localized
| generalized
99
localized lymphadenopathy
indicates drainage in area where theres infection
100
generalized lymphadenopathy
associated with infection
