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Patho > Neurological 1 > Flashcards

Neurological 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of brain

contain L/R hemispheres and 4 lobes

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2
Q

cerebrum “f”

A 
motor/sensory "f"
language
memory
visual/spatial relationships
higher order process
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3
Q

what does cerebrum contain

A

hypothalamus
thalamus
basal ganglia
limbic system

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4
Q

hypothalamus “f”

A

endocrine, autonomic “f”

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5
Q

thalamus “f”

A

relays sensory/motor inputs for cortex

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6
Q

basal ganglia “f”

A

voluntary, autonomic mvmt

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7
Q

limbic system “f”

A

emotional behavior, basic drives

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8
Q

brainstem “f”

A

relays sensory info, control vasomotor and respiratory activity, arousal

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9
Q

what does brainstem contain

A

midbrain, pons, medulla, reticular formation, reticular activating system

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10
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates all our voluntary mvmts/activites, balance

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11
Q

skull

A

bony structure, outermost area, protects brain from external trauma

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12
Q

meninges

A

protective membranes that cover brain/spinal cord

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13
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater

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14
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer, tough, strong sheath of con. tis.

offers most protection

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15
Q

epidural space

A

space b/w dura and skull

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16
Q

subdural space

A

space b/w dura and arachnoid membrane

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17
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

spongy, spiderweb like membrane

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18
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space b/w arachnoid and pia mater

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19
Q

pia mater

A

thin inner layer
covers contours of brain
provides support for bld vessels.

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20
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid
circulates thru 4 ventricles and subarachnoid space
reabsorbed into venous circulation thru arachnoid villi which protrudes from venous sinuses into arachnoid space

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21
Q

CSF “f”

A

provides cushioning
dec force of impact
carries nutrients

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22
Q

main components of CSF

A

H20
Na
protein
glucose

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23
Q

how much CSF flows everday

A

100-125 ccs

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24
Q

how much CSF do we make each day

A

600 ccs

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25
ICP
intracranial pressure | pressure exerted by total vol from components w/in skull
26
% of brain tissue
80%
27
% of blood
10%
28
% of CSF
10%
29
normal ICP
5-15 mmHg
30
what happens to ICP if tumor or inc fluid
inc ICP
31
patho of ICP
inc ICP compensated by dec production of CSF, displacement of CSF if ICP continues, BV altered results in intracranial HTN
32
stage 1 of ICP
vasoconstriction | external compression of venous system
33
stage 2 of ICP
ICP exceeds brain's compensatory capacity pressure compromises oxygenation arterial vasoconstriction occurs
34
stage 3 of ICP
ICP begins to approach arterial pressure brain tissue experiences hypoxia, hypercapnea loss of autoregulation vasodilation occurs, causing BP to drop, BV inc leads to more ICP
35
stage 4 ICP
brain tissue shifts herniation more ICP, compression of brain stem, inc ischemia death
36
CM of ICP
``` change in LOC change in VS, late sign- Cushings triad dec motor "f" HA occular signs vomitting ```
37
Cushings triad
inc SBP bradycardia irregular respiratory pattern
38
decorticate
flex arms, wrists, fingers with adduction of upper extremities hands/arms across chest, wrists flexed
39
decerebrate
worse extenstion, internal rotation of upper extrem. wrist flexion arms at sides, wrists curled up
40
treatment for ICP
treat/manage cause diuretics corticosteroids mech ventilation (hyperventilation)
41
disorders that cause ICP
cerebral edema | hydrocephalus
42
cerebral edema
inc fluid content of brain inc tissue volume inc ICP
43
etiology of cerebral edema
``` trauma inf tumor hypoxia Na imbalance ```
44
treatment for cerebral edema
diuretics
45
hydrocephalus
abnormal inc CSF volume
46
etiology of hydrocephalus
overproduction of CSF obstruction of CSF flow defective reabsorption
47
types of hydrocephalus
noncommunicating | communicating
48
noncommunication hydrocephalus
flow within subarachnoid space and ventricles obstructed | see in kids, related to malformation
49
communicating hydrocephalus
impaired absorption within subarachnoid space or inc secretion see in adults, related to impaired absorption, inc secretion of CSF, tumor inf, head injury
50
treatment for hydrocephalus
treat cause | shunting procedure
51
closed trauma
head striking surface or object striking head dura intact causes contusions and concussions
52
open trauma
injury tears scalp tissue and exposes skull, dura mater, or brain causes skull fractures or brain lacerations open channel= inc risk for inf
53
more common- closed or open?
closed trauma
54
closed head injury includes
focal contusions | diffuse concussions
55
contusions
bruising of brain tissue | focal
56
patho of contusions
damage results from compression of skull at point of impact and rebound small tears in bld vessels
57
types of contusions
coup | countercoup
58
coup
bruising under injury site
59
countercoup
bruising opposite traumatized site | rebound effect
60
CM for contusions
loss of consciousness loss of reflexes brief dec in HR/BP residual deficits
61
DT for contusions
Xrays MRI CT scans
62
treatment for contusions
controlling ICP | managing symptoms
63
concussion
diffuse | sudden transient mechanical head injury with disruption of neural activity
64
CM for concussion
``` disruption in LOC loss of reflexes causing falls amnesia about event HA nausea fatigue ```
65
post concussion syndrome
``` HA dizziness poor concentration/memory fatigue irritability depression personality/behavioral problems ```

Patho (8 decks)

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