Hematology

Question 1

red blood cells

Answer 1

transports O2 and CO2

develops in bone marrow

120 day lifespan

Question 2

white blood cells

Answer 2

immune defense

Question 3

platelets

Answer 3

clot formation and prevention

Question 4

albumins

Answer 4

osmolarity and viscosity

Question 5

globulins

Answer 5

transport - transferrin transports iron in blood

storage - iron is stored in the liver as ferritin

Question 6

hematopoiesis

Answer 6

blood cell production

Question 7

undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 7

give rise to all other different types of specialized blood elements

Question 8

progenitor cells

Answer 8

descents of stem cells that further differentiate to create specialized cells

lymphoid cells
myeloid cells

Question 9

growth inducers

Answer 9

controls growth an reproduction

IL3 growth inducer for all committed stem cells

induced by low O2 exposure

Question 10

differentiation inducers

Answer 10

causes one type of committed stem cell to differentiate one or more steps towards a final adult blood cell

induced by low O2 exposure

Question 11

erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 11

stimulates RBC production

released by the kidneys

Question 12

thrombopoiesis

Answer 12

platelet production

Question 13

thrombopoietin

Answer 13

stimulates platelet production

produced in kidneys and liver

Question 14

leukopoiesis

Answer 14

leukocyte production

Question 15

lymphoid cells

Answer 15

migrate from bone marrow to lymphatic tissue for differentiation

lymph nodes
spleen
thymus

Question 16

erythropoiesis

Answer 16

RBC production

Question 17

why do males have a higher RBC count/hematocrit compared to women?

Answer 17

testosterone stimulates EPO release by the kidney which stimulates RBC production

Question 18

heme groups

Answer 18

make by reusing iron

heme converted to bilirubin which is incorporated in bile and excreted

Question 19

folic acid

Answer 19

needed for formation of DNA which is essential for cell division

Question 20

vitamin B12

Answer 20

essential for DNA which is needed for production, proliferation, and maturation of RBCs

Question 21

iron

Answer 21

component of hemoglobin

Question 22

hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)

Answer 22

increases due to renal tissue hypoxia

serves as a transcription factor for EPO gene to increase EPO synthesis

Question 23

non-renal sensors

Answer 23

norepinephrine, epinephrine, and other prostaglandins send signals to the the kidneys to produce EPO

Question 24

hematocrit (Hct)

Answer 24

percentage of RBCs in total blood volume

depends on gender and environment

increased EPO = increased Hct

Question 25

haemoglobin

Answer 25

globular protein that is the primary vehicle for transporting O2 in RBCs

heme + polypeptide (2alpha + 2beta chains) = hemoglobin

Question 26

globin chain synthesis

Answer 26

occurs in the cytosol of RBCs by transcription and translation

Question 27

heme synthesis

Answer 27

occurs in cytosol and mitochondria of RBCs

glycine + succinyl coenzyme A = protoporphyrin ring

protoporphyrin ring binds to iron ions to form heme

Question 28

anemia

Answer 28

below normal O2 carrying capacity of blood

low hemoglobin and hematocrit

Question 29

mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

Answer 29

average quantity of hemoglobin present in a single RBC

MCH = [Hb]/RBC

normochromic = 27-31pg
hypochromic = <25pg
hyperchromic = >50pg

Question 30

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Answer 30

measure of concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of package RBCs

MCHC = [Hb]/Hct

normochromic = 31-37%
hypochromic = <31%
spherocytosis = >37%

Question 31

central decrease rate of RBCs

Answer 31

inside bone marrow

erythropoietic tissue destroyed

exposure to chemicals e.g. Benzene

toxicity of chemotherapies

invasion of bone marrow by cancer e.g. Leukemia

aplastic anemia

Question 32

aplastic anemia

Answer 32

due to bone marrow aplasia, autoimmune disorders, benzene toxicity and decreased Hb

Question 33

peripheral decrease rate of RBCs

Answer 33

outside bone marrow

low EPO and insufficient vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

pernicious anemia

megaloblastic anemia

Question 34

pernicious anemia

Answer 34

vitamin B12 deficiency

abnormal and diminished DNA

produces macrocytes - large, oval, flimsy
can carry O2 but fragile

antibodies against intrinsic factor in GIT
atrophic gastritis
conditions affecting small intestine

smooth thick red tongue
enlarged liver

Question 35

megaloblastic anemia

Answer 35

folic acid/folate deficiency

sprue/celiac disease causes difficulty absorbing folic acid and B12 producing macrocytes and impairing DNA synthesis

knuckles and terminal phalanges hyperpigmentation
enlarged liver and spleen

Question 36

signs and symptoms of folate/B12 deficiency

Answer 36

anemia - low Hct and Hb

macrocytes

fragile erythrocytes - yellowish skin and mucosa

Question 37

iron deficiency

Answer 37

lack of iron intake

chronic diseases

excess blood loss - chronic bleeding in intestines (ulcers or cancer) and heavy menses

fatigue and dark stool

Question 38

hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 38

result of acute or chronic blood loss

Question 39

acute blood loss

Answer 39

low O2 carrying capacity - hyper stimulated bone marrow
increased reticulocytes in blood

Question 40

chronic blood loss

Answer 40

2-3 months - high bone marrow activity

more than 3 months - decreased bone marrow activity
decreased iron absorption (Hb rapidly lost)
iron stored depleted
no reticulocytes in blood

Question 41

hemolytic anemia

Answer 41

excessive blood cell destruction

autoimmune
infection of RBCs - malaria
fragile cells
hypersplenism
hereditary spherocytosis