Respiratory System

Question 1

conditioning

Answer 1

warming of air by the body’s heat and moistened by water evaporating from the mucosal lining of the airways

once air reaches the trachea it is conditioned to 100% humidity and 37*C

Question 2

mucociliary escalator

Answer 2

cilia beat in an upward motion continuously towards the pharynx which moves mucous up and out of the lungs to be expelled via coughing or swallowing

Question 3

cystic fibrosis

Answer 3

inadequate ion secretion decreases fluid movement

lack of saline layer traps cilia in thick sticky mucous that cannot be cleared, allowing bacteria to colonize the airways

Question 4

alveoli

Answer 4

primary function is to exchange gases between themselves and the blood

clustered at the ends of terminal bronchioles and make up the bulk of lung tissue

Question 5

type I alveolar cells

Answer 5

larger, occupy 95% of alveolar surface area

very thin to allow gases to rapidly diffuse through them

Question 6

type II alveolar cells

Answer 6

smaller and thicker

synthesize and secrete surfactant

prevent fluid buildup by reabsorbing Na+ and H2O

Question 7

surfactant

Answer 7

mixes with the thin fluid lining of the alveoli to aid the lungs as they expand during breathing

decreases alveolar surface tension

Question 8

Dalton’s law

Answer 8

total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures of the individual gases

pressure exerted by an individual gas is determined only by its relative abundance in the mixture

Question 9

tidal volume (VT)

Answer 9

volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration

quiet breathing

Question 10

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 10

additional volume of air that is inspired above the tidal volume

as much air taken in as possible, after the end of a quiet inspiration

Question 11

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 11

amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration

as much additional air exhaled as possible, after the end of a quiet exhalation

Question 12

residual volume (RV)

Answer 12

volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhalation

cannot be measured directly

Question 13

inspiratory capacity

Answer 13

VT + IRV

Question 14

vital capacity

Answer 14

IRV + ERV

Question 15

total lung capacity

Answer 15

VT + IRV + ERV + RV

Question 16

functional residual capacity

Answer 16

ERV + RV

Question 17

eupnea

Answer 17

normal quiet breathing

Question 18

hyperpnea

Answer 18

increased respiratory rate and/or volume in response to an increased metabolism

exercise

Question 19

hyperventilation

Answer 19

increased respiratory rate and/or volume without an increased metabolism

emotional hyperventilation or blowing up a balloon

Question 20

hypoventilation

Answer 20

decreased alveolar ventilation

shallow breathing, asthma, or restrictive lung disease

Question 21

tachypnea

Answer 21

rapid breathing, usually an increased respiratory rate with decreased depth

panting

Question 22

dyspnea

Answer 22

difficulty breathing or “air hunger”

asthma or hard exercise

Question 23

apnea

Answer 23

cessation of breathing

voluntary breath holding or depression of CNS control centers

Question 24

obstructive lung disease (diameter of airways)

Answer 24

air flow diminished due to increased air resistance

lower airway diseases - wheezing sound during forced exhalation

high RBC count and hematocrit

asthma, cystic fibrosis, obstructive sleep apnea

COPD

Question 25

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 25

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 26

upper airways (diameter of airways)

Answer 26

affected by physical obstruction

mediated by mucus and other factors

Question 27

bronchioles (diameter of airways)

Answer 27

affected by bronchoconstriction; mediated by parasympathetic neurons, histamine, and leukotrienes

affected by bronchodilation; mediated by CO2 and epinephrine

Question 28

compliance

Answer 28

ability of the lung to stretch

change in volume that results from a given force or pressure exerted on the lung

amount of force that must be exerted in a body to deform it

Question 29

high compliance

Answer 29

lung that stretches easily

Question 30

low compliance

Answer 30

lung requires more force from inspiratory muscles to stretch it, increasing energy expenditure and affecting ventilation

inelastic scar tissues formed in fibrotic lung diseases

inadequate surfactant production

Question 31

elastance

Answer 31

ability of the lung to resist being deformed

ability of a body to return to its original shape when a deforming force is removed

Question 32

low elastance

Answer 32

destruction of elastin in a high compliance lung and cannot return to its original resting volume

Question 33

restrictive lung disease

Answer 33

categorized by reduced compliance

TB, pulmonary fibrosis, asbestosis

Question 34

pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 34

characterized by the development of stiff, fibrous scar tissue that restricts lung inflation

Question 35

hypoxia

Answer 35

low levels of O2 in body tissues

Question 36

hypoxic hypoxia

Answer 36

low arterial pressure of O2

caused by high altitude, alveolar ventilation, decreased lung diffusion capacity, abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratio

Question 37

anemic hypoxia

Answer 37

decreased total amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin

caused by blood loss, anemia (low[Hb] or altered HbO2 binding), carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 38

ischemic hypoxia

Answer 38

reduced blood flow

caused by heart-failure (whole-body hypoxia), shock (peripheral hypoxia), thrombosis (hypoxia in a single organ)

Question 39

histotoxic hypoxia

Answer 39

failure of cells to use O2 because cells have been poisoned

caused by cyanide and other metabolic poisons

Question 40

emphysema

Answer 40

destruction of alveoli - less surface area for gas exchange

Question 41

fibrotic lung disease

Answer 41

thickened alveolar membrane slows gas exchange

loss of lung compliance decreases alveolar ventilation