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Applied and Pathophysiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

somatic motor division

A

provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles

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2
Q

autonomic motor division

A

controls visceral functions largely outside of our awareness

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3
Q

motor cortical homunculus

A

map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body

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4
Q

upper motor neurons

A

originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down to the brainstem, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

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5
Q

lower motor neurons

A

anterior grey horn cells that begin in the spinal cord and innervates muscles and glands

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6
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron

fast response

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7
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

at least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron

slower response

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8
Q

cutaneous sense

A

general sense

skin

touch, temperature, pain

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9
Q

deep sense

A

general sense

muscle, tendons, joints

pain, pressure, movement, proprioception

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10
Q

visceral sense

A

general sense

internal organs

homeostasis, respiration

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11
Q

special senses

A

visual
hearing
equilibrium
smell
taste

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12
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch and pressure

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13
Q

nociceptors

A

pain and extreme heat/cold

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14
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature changes

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15
Q

chemoreceptors

A

change in chemical composition

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16
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cone in retina

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17
Q

proprioceptors

A

position of body in space at a given time

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18
Q

myelinated (L) A fibers

A

alpha and beta

impulses from mechanical stimuli

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19
Q

myelinated (S) A fibers

A

delta

impulses from cold receptors, nociceptors, and mechanoreceptors

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20
Q

unmyelinated (S) C fibers

A

pain, temperature, mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

somatotopic organization

A

fibers from different sections of the spinal cord are somatotopically organized in the dorsal column

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22
Q

sacral cord fibers

A

medially positioned

neurons from the foot

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23
Q

cervical fibers

A

laterally positioned

neurons from the fingers

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24
Q

chronic inflammatory demeylination

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A

inflammatory demyelinating lesions (plaques) in the white matter of the CNS

25
multiple sclerosis (MS)
autoimmune disease affecting the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves targets oligodendrocytes that myelinate the cells of the CNS
26
fracture dislocation
loose bone stuck in dislocated bones
27
burst fracture
vertebral body compression
28
ruptured disc
protruding disc can pinch spinal nerves
29
ligamentous injuries
ligaments not aligned
30
spinal cord lacerations
tear within the spinal cord
31
autonomic nervous system
responsible for homeostasis regulates body temp, fluid and electrolyte balance, and blood pressure
32
sympathetic division
prevails during stress
33
parasympathetic division
prevails during rest
34
direct antagonists and agonists
bind target receptor to block/mimic neurotransmitter action
35
indirect antagonists and agonists
alter secretion, reuptake and degradation of neurotransmitters
36
intracranial pressure (ICP)
pressure in the skull results in pressure gradients between compartments and a shift of brain structures
37
Cushing's triad
bradycardia shallow breathing hypertension due to decreased cerebral blood flow
38
intracranial hypertension
sustained intracranial pressure above 15mmHg
39
stroke
focal neurological deficit due to abnormality in cerebral circulation in the brain, retina, or spinal cord
40
ischemic stroke
thrombotic occlusion and embolism neurological dysfunction
41
hemorrhagic stroke
arterial aneurysm
42
intracerebral hemorrhage
burst vessel brain tissue death swelling and pressure in brain
43
subarachnoid hemorrhage
bleeding in the subarachnoid space
44
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
temporary neurological dysfunction caused by ischemia without acute infarction
45
pain
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
46
nociception
unconscious activity induced by harmful stimulus applied to a sense receptor
47
thinly myelinated A delta fibers
fast pain sharp, localized sensation terminate on L1 and L5 release glutamate
48
unmyelinated C fibers
slow pain dull, intense and unpleasant terminate on L1 and L3 release substance P
49
cold menthol-sensitive receptor 1 (CMR1)
respond to cold
50
vanilloid receptors (VR1 and VRL1)
respond to heat
51
acute pain
physiological sudden onset recedes during healing important protective mechanism
52
chronic pain
pathologic neuropathic pain caused by chronic progressive nerve disease nerve injury, toxin induced nerve damage, ischemia hyperalgesia and allodynia
53
hyperalgesia
exaggerated response to noxious stimuli increases sensitivity of nociceptive afferent fibers
54
allodynia
pain sensation in response to innocuous stimulus increases sensitivity of nociceptive afferent fibers
55
deep pain
experienced in deep, non-superficial structures slow due to alpha delta fiber deficiency poorly localized joints and ligaments reflex contraction could lead to ischemia which stimulates pain receptors to initiate spasms
56
visceral pain
poorly localized and unpleasant radiates and is referred to other areas due to sparse nociceptors severe pain
57
referred pain/dermatomal rule
referred to a structure that developed from the same embryonic segment or dermatome as the structure where the pain originates
58
convergence-projection theory
pain that is referred when somatic and visceral pain converge onto the same second-order neuron in the dorsal horn and project to the thalamus and further to the somatosensory cortex
59
phantom pain
associated with the removal of a limb or absence of a body part cortical region of the neighboring digit takes the place of the amputated digit (cortical plasticity)

Applied and Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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