Henry VIII: Religion - Reform of the Church - Opposition to Religious Change Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of groups and individuals who opposed the Reformation

A
  • Thomas More, Chancellor after Wolsey’s fall
  • Aragonese faction
  • John Fisher
  • Elizabeth Barton and Edward Bocking
  • Monks
  • Ordinary people
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2
Q

How did Thomas More show opposition to religious change?

A
  • 1534, the Succession Act was passed making Catherine of Aragon’s Catholic daughter, Mary, illegitimate
  • More refused to swear an oath accepting this
  • More didn’t explain why but likely due to him thinking it went against the Pope
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3
Q

How did Henry respond to More’s resistance?

A
  • Thomas Cromwell using ‘evidence’ from Sir Richard Rich rigged More’s trial
  • Rich claimed to have heard More saying he did not accept Henry as head of the Church
  • More was executed for treason on 6 July 1535
  • More showed passive resistance but was famous and respected, so his opposition was potentially dangerous
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4
Q

Who was Richard Rich?

A
  • One of Cromwell’s supporters
  • Becomes head of the Court of Augmentations in 1540
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5
Q

What was the Aragonese faction?

A
  • Group in court that supported Catherine of Aragon in the divorce situation
  • Led by Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter, and the northern Lords Darcy and Hussey
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6
Q

How did the Aragonese faction show religious opposition?

A
  • Wanted Catherine of Aragon’s daughter Mary to be made legitimate again
  • Mary had been made illegitimate due to Succession Act (1536)
  • Darcy and Hussey supported Pilgrimage of Grace
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7
Q

How did Henry respond to the Aragon’s faction?

A
  • Darcy and Hussey executed for treason for their involvement in the Pilgrimage of Grace
  • Courtenay was executed after becoming involved in activities with his distant cousin, Reginald Pole, who was a descendant of Yorkist kings
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8
Q

Who was John Fisher?

A
  • Had been a Bishop of Rochester since 1504
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9
Q

How did John Fisher show opposition?

A
  • Prayed and believed that Henry’s actions against Catherine were wrong and told Henry directly
  • Henry was lenient, until Fisher refused to swear an oath accepting the divorce
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10
Q

How did Henry respond to Fisher’s opposition?

A
  • Imprisoned in the Tower of London
  • Pope declared that Fisher would become a Cardinal
  • Henry acted fast and Fisher was accused of high treason, tried and executed
  • Fisher gained support after Henry’s tyrannical actions
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11
Q

Who was Elizabeth Barton and Edward Bocking?

A
  • Elizabeth Barton had an illness in 1525 and apparently was miraculously cured by a vision of the Virgin Mary
  • Ever since then (she was a teen), Barton was prone to visions
  • She became famous in her local area and sent to a nunnery under the protection of Dr Edward Bocking, a Canterbury monk
  • She was known as the Nun of Kent
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12
Q

How did Elizabeth Barton and Edward Bocking show religious opposition?

A
  • By 1528, Barton’s visions focused on the divorce between Catherine of Aragon and Henry
  • She claimed bad consequences would occur if Henry has a divorce - he would be dead within a month of divorcing Catherine
  • By 1530, Barton published books describing her visions and the warnings they contained
  • Barton formed links with others who opposed religious change: More and Fisher; Courtenay and Hussey; the Carthusian monks in London
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13
Q

How did Henry respond to Elizabeth Barton and Edward Bocking’s religious opposition?

A
  • Their actions suggested a campaign was being prepared
  • In September 1533 Cromwell acted, and the nun and her mentors were arrested
  • They were publicly humiliated at St Paul’s Cross and Barton admitted that her visions were false
  • They were all executed in April 1534
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14
Q

What threat did Elizabeth Barton and her mentors posed?

A
  • Elizabeth Barton seems innocent and genuinely believes her visions but her mentors exploited her to create a resistance movement that involved many important nobles and clergymen
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15
Q

Was there monastic resistance?

A
  • Many individual monks preached against the divorce, the supremacy and the new heresies that came with them
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16
Q

Who were the London Monks of the Carthusian order?

A
  • One of more significant monastic groups that showed resistance to Henry’s religious reforms
  • They had remained closer to the strict ideals of monasticism
17
Q

How did the London Monks of the Carthusian order show resistance?

A
  • In 1532–33, they refused to accept the divorce
  • In 1534, they resisted government pressure to agree to a declaration against the authority of the Pope (Act of Supremacy)
18
Q

How did Henry respond to the London Monks of the Carthusian order?

A
  • Henry used the Treason Act to arrest and execute 18 of the monks