Hernias

Question 1

what two factors are usually required for the development of a hernia?

Answer 1

structural weakness

increased pressure

Question 2

name a congenital hernia

Answer 2

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Question 3

what causes a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

Answer 3

the oesophagus growing slower than the rest of the body during development

Question 4

what is a hernia at a surgical incision site called?

Answer 4

incisional hernia

Question 5

name three things that can increase intra-abdominal pressure

Answer 5

chronic cough
pregnancy
straining during bowel movements

Question 6

what does ASIS stand for?

Answer 6

anterior superior iliac spine

Question 7

what does EOM stand for?

Answer 7

external oblique muscle

Question 8

what is the fibre direction in the EOM?

Answer 8

anteroinferior

Question 9

what is the fibre direction in the internal oblique muscle?

Answer 9

anterosuperior

Question 10

what is the fibre direction in the transversus abdominis muscle?

Answer 10

horizontal

Question 11

what marks the anterior boundary between the abdomen and the thigh?

Answer 11

the inguinal ligament

Question 12

what is the inguinal ligament?

Answer 12

an inferior thickening of the external oblique muscle

Question 13

why is the medial half of the inguinal ligament curved?

Answer 13

to form the floor of the inguinal canal

Question 14

what is the inguinal canal?

Answer 14

an oblique passage between the abdomen and the perineum

Question 15

how long is the inguinal canal?

Answer 15

4cm

Question 16

what direction does the inguinal canal travel in?

Answer 16

inferomedially

Question 17

where does the inguinal canal lie?

Answer 17

along the superior border of the inguinal ligament

Question 18

what two things are found in everyones inguinal canal?

Answer 18

blood and lymphatic vessels

Question 19

what nerve is found in the inguinal canal?

Answer 19

the ilioinguinal nerve

Question 20

what is found in the inguinal canal in males?

Answer 20

spermatic cord

Question 21

what is found in the inguinal canal in females?

Answer 21

the round ligament of the uterus

Question 22

what does the gubernaculum become in an adult male?

Answer 22

the testicular ligament

Question 23

what does the gubernaculum become in an adult female?

Answer 23

the round ligament of the uterus

Question 24

what abdominal muscle makes no contribution to the spermatic cord?

Answer 24

the transversus abdominis

Question 25

what two things make up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

Answer 25

external oblique aponeurosis | internal oblique muscle

Question 26

what two things make up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

Answer 26

transversalis fascia | conjoint tendon

Question 27

what three things make up the roof of the inguinal canal?

Answer 27

transversalis fascia arches of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis aponeurosis external oblique aponeurosis

Question 28

what makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?

Answer 28

gutter of the infolded inguinal ligament

Question 29

what is the site of direct inguinal herniation called?

Answer 29

hesselbach's triangle

Question 30

what three things make up hesselbach's triangle?

Answer 30

inferior epigastric artery inguinal ligament lateral border of the rectus abdominis

Question 31

what are the two types of inguinal hernia?

Answer 31

direct and indirect

Question 32

how does a direct inguinal hernia pass through the abdominal wall?

Answer 32

it passes directly through the structures of the wall

Question 33

how does an indirect inguinal hernia pass through the abdominal wall?

Answer 33

it uses the inguinal canal and the deep inguinal ring

Question 34

what is a hernia?

Answer 34

an abnormal protrusion of. a cavity's contents through a weakness in its wall

Question 35

what is a reducible hernia?

Answer 35

one that can be easily pushed back into the abdomen

Question 36

what is an incarcerated/irreducible hernia?

Answer 36

one that cannot be manipulated back into the abdomen

Question 37

what is a strangulated hernia?

Answer 37

hernia where the vascular supply to the contents is compromised

Question 38

what is an epigastric hernia?

Answer 38

a fascial defect in the linea alba between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus

Question 39

what is the main presentation of an epigastric hernia?

Answer 39

a midline lump

Question 40

what are risk factors for a paraumbilical hernia?

Answer 40

anything that stretches the abdominal wall, such as obesity, pregnancy and ascites

Question 41

how are paraumbilical hernias almost always managed?

Answer 41

surgically

Question 42

what is an inguinal hernia?

Answer 42

when a loop of the intestine gets stuck in the inguinal hernia

Question 43

where does the inguinal canal start and end?

Answer 43

starts at the deep inguinal ring and ends at the superficial inguinal ring

Question 44

what are the three layers of the outside of the spermatic cord?

Answer 44

internal spermatic fascia cremasteric fascia external spermatic fascia

Question 45

are inguinal hernias more common in men or women?

Answer 45

men

Question 46

are the majority of inguinal hernias indirect or direct?

Answer 46

indirect

Question 47

are right or left sided inguinal hernias more common?

Answer 47

right sided

Question 48

what is the most common complication of a laparotomy?

Answer 48

incisional hernia