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Y1 Gastrointestinal > Summary Questions > Flashcards

Summary Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

at what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

T10

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2
Q

what nerve innervates the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

vagus

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3
Q

which muscle of mastication allows opening of the mouth?

A

lateral pterygoid

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4
Q

which structure allows communication between the greater and lesser sac?

A

omental foramen

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5
Q

which vein drains midgut organs?

A

splenic vein

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6
Q

what is found in calot’s triangle?

A

the cystic artery

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7
Q

what three things make up calot’s triangle?

A

liver
common hepatic duct
cystic duct

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8
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract wall?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa

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9
Q

where is GALT located?

A

lamina propria

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10
Q

where is the submucous plexus located?

A

submucosa

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11
Q

where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

muscularis externa

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12
Q

what epithelium covers the oral cavity, oropharynx and tomgue?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

what epithelium covers the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx?

A

respiratory epithelium

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14
Q

which papillae have no taste buds?

A

filiform

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15
Q

name the four tonsils

A

pharyngeal
palatine
lingual
tubal

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16
Q

what is the change in epithelium at the gastro-oesophageal junction?

A

stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium

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17
Q

what is the function of parietal cells?

A

secrete HCl

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18
Q

what is the function of chief cells?

A

secrete digestive enzymes

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19
Q

what is the function of stem cells?

A

make more cells

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20
Q

what is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

produce hormones to control secretions and motility

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21
Q

what is special about the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

it has an extra layer

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22
Q

what are enterocytes?

A

absorptive cells

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23
Q

what are goblet cells?

A

cells that produce mucous

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24
Q

what are paneth cells?

A

cells that produce antibacterial products

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25
what region of the small intestine has peyer's patches?
jejunum
26
what region of the small intestine has brunner's glands?
ileum
27
what are the two main cell types of the large intestine?
enterocytes and goblet cells
28
what are the taeniae coli?
three strips of outer longitudinal muscle
29
what is present in large amounts in the appendix?
lymphoid tissue
30
what is at the centre of a liver lobule?
central vein
31
what is found at the corners of a liver lobule?
portal triad
32
what are the main cells of the liver?
hepatocytes
33
what travels in the sinusoids?
blood
34
what are kupffer cells?
macrophages in the sinusoids
35
what type of cells can be found in the perisinusoidal space?
hepatic stellate cells
36
what is the opening at the hilum of the liver called?
porta hepatis
37
what cells produce bile?
hepatocytes
38
what is the function of bile?
emulsification of fats
39
what is the function of the gallbladder?
storage and modification of bile
40
what hormone stimulates contraction of the gallbladder?
cholecystokinin
41
what is the most common consequence of vomiting?
dehydration
42
which biochemical abnormality can occur in mass vomiting?
hypokalaemia
43
what is a mallory weiss tear?
damage to the oesophagus
44
what type of antiemetic is commonly used for anti-nausea in chemotherapy petients?
5-HT3 antagonists
45
what is the common antiemetic used for travel sickness?
muscarinic acetylcholine
46
which antiemetic is used in conjunction with morphine ?
dopamine receptor antagonists
47
deifne nuasea
unpleasant sensation felt in the throat and stomach
48
define emesis
forceful expulsion of gastric/intestinal contents out the mouth
49
define retching
rhythmic reverse peristalsis with no vomitus
50
what stops to allow emesis?
intestinal slow wave activity
51
what powers emesis?
retrograde contraction from the ileum to the stomach
52
what muscles are contracted in vomiting?
diaphragm and abdominal muscles
53
what cell produces HCl?
parietal
54
what ion is bicarbonate pumped out of parietal cells in exchange for?
chlorine
55
what do secretagogues do?
cause secretion
56
persistence of which structure causes Meckel's diverticulum?
vitelline duct
57
what part of the small intestine is meckel's diverticulum found in?
the ileum
58
what age and sex does meckel's diverticulum typically present in?
males two years old
59
what complication of meckel's diverticulum causes rectal bleeding?
ulceration, perforation and haemorrhage
60
what complication of meckel's diverticulum causes appendicitis-like symptoms?
diverticulitis
61
what is the treatment for meckel's diverticulum?
surgical removal
62
what is atresia?
congenital absence or abnormal closure of a body cavity
63
name three types of atresia associated with the GI tract
oesophageal intestinal biliary
64
what type of atresia is a cause of jaundice in babies?
biliary
65
what is meconium ileus?
intestinal obstruction caused by meconium that is difficult to pass because it is too sticky
66
what condition is associated with meconium ileus?
cystic fibrosis
67
what is diverticulosis?
presence of diverticula
68
what is diverticular disease?
diverticula which are symptomatic
69
what is diverticulitis?
inflammation of a diverticulum
70
where are diverticula most common?
sigmoid colon
71
how do you investigate diverticular disease?
colonoscopy | barium enema
72
how do you investigate diverticulitis?
raised inflammatory markers | CT
73
what four complications can arise from diverticulitis?
perforation haemorrhage fistula stricture
74
what is a colonic polyp?
abnormal growth of tissue projecting from the colonic mucosa
75
what is the most important type of polyp to not miss?
adenoma
76
what can adenomas become?
adenocarcinoma
77
what inherited conditions can predispose to the development of polyps?
FAP lynch syndrome peutz-jeghers syndrome
78
what mutation is present in FAP?
APC gene
79
how is screening for polyps carried out?
colonoscopy
80
how are polyps treated?
polypectomy | prophylactic surgery for those with inherited conditions
81
what is a hernia?
the protrusion of an organ or tissue out of the body cavity it is supposed to be in
82
what two things lead to the formation of a hernia?
structural weakness and increased pressure
83
what is an incarcerated hernia?
when the contents of a hernia are stick inside it by adhesions
84
what is an obstructed hernia?
when a hernia causes bowel obstruction and contents are unable to pass
85
what is a strangulated hernia?
when the vascular supply to hernia contents is compromised and ischaemic occurs
86
weakness in what area allows abdominal contents to pass through it in a direct inguinal hernia?
hasselbach's triangle
87
which type of inguinal hernia doesn't reappear after reduction?
indirect
88
what can hiatus hernia present with?
reflux
89
where is an epigastric hernia located?
between the xiphoid and the umbilicus
90
what type of hernia can present post hernia?
incisional hernia
91
are femoral hernias more common in males or fameles?
females
92
are inguinal hernias more common in males or females?
males
93
what are haemorrhoids?
enlarged vascular cushions in the wall of the anus and rectum due to increased pressure
94
what can haemorrhoids present with?
painless red bleeding PR | perianal itch
95
what condition causes rectal varices?
portal hypertension
96
Anti- mitochondrial antibody is associated with which condition?
primary biliary cholangitis
97
which drug is used to treat primary biliary cholangitis?
ursodeoxycholic acid
98
what disease is charcot's triad significant in?
ascending cholangitis
99
Acalculous cholecystitis commonly affects which group of patients?
very ill, hospitalised patients
100
A patient has come in with jaundice. On US the bile duct has a beaded appearance and a biopsy shows ‘onion skin’ lesions. What is the most likely diagnosis?
primary sclerosing cholangitis
101
What makes up Courvoisier’s sign?
Palpable, non-tender gallbladder and painless jaundice
102
what does Courvoisier’s sign suggest?
biliary tree obstruction, most likely caused by cancer at the head of the pancreas

Y1 Gastrointestinal (48 decks)

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