Hi - Fundamental & Advanced Histology (E)

Question 1

what do the presence of neutrophils indicate

Answer 1

acute inflammation

Question 2

what do the presence of lymphocytes / plasma cells indicate

Answer 2

chronic inflammation
(could also be lymphoma / AID)

Question 3

what do sheets of lymphocytes indicate

Answer 3

lymphoma

Question 4

what can the presence of eosinophils indicate (3)

Answer 4

allergic reaction
parasitic infection
tumours - HL

Question 5

describe an eosinophil

Answer 5

bilobed nucleus
red granules

Question 6

cause of eosinophilic oesophagitis

Answer 6

food allergy

Question 7

describe a macrophage

Answer 7

lots of cytoplasm, small nucleus

Question 8

what does the presence of macrophages indicate

Answer 8

late acute inflammation
chronic inflammation - GRANULOMAS

Question 9

define a granuloma

Answer 9

organized collection of ACTIVATED macrophages

Question 10

what specific type of macrophages are found in granulomas, and why

Answer 10

epithelioid macrophages - become secretory so look more like epithelial cells

Question 11

what does macrophages in the sputum sample show

Answer 11

that its a proper sample from the alveoli (not present just in the mouth)

Question 12

causes of sarcoid

Answer 12

TB
sarcoid
cat scratch fever
leprosy

Question 13

how do you identify TB

Answer 13

Ziehl Neelson stain for acid fast bascilli

Question 14

what is a carcinoma

Answer 14

malignant tumour of epithelial cells

Question 15

types of carcinoma

Answer 15

SCC
adenocarcinoma
TCC

Question 16

2 key features of SCC

Answer 16

keratin production
intercellular bridges
(key exam Q**)

Question 17

2 key features of adenocarcinoma

Answer 17

mucin production
glands
(key exam Q**)

Question 18

sites of origin of squamous cancers

Answer 18

skin
head and neck
oesophagus
anus
cervix
vagina

Question 19

sites of origin of adenocarcinoma

Answer 19

lung
breast
stomach
colon
pancreas

Question 20

tumour making melanin

Answer 20

melanoma

Question 21

what stain is used for melanin

Answer 21

fontana stain

Question 22

what stain is used for haemochromatosis

Answer 22

prussian blue iron stain

Question 23

what stain is used for amyloidosis & result

Answer 23

congo red stain
–> apple green birefringence

Question 24

how are immunohistochemical stains different from histochemical stains

Answer 24

histochem = chem reacitons changing colour
immunohistochem = using ABs with tags

Question 25

what marker can be used to identify epithelial cells (and therefore carcinoma)

Answer 25

cytokeratin

Question 26

what marker is used to identify lymphoma

Answer 26

CD45

Question 27

how can cytokeratin stain be used to identify the primary from mets

Answer 27

different organs make different cytokeratins, so can stain with lots of them and see which are positive - allows detection of where its from

Question 28

what type of tumour is teratoma

Answer 28

germ cell

Question 29

how do teratomas look and why

Answer 29

can contain any type of tissue from any 3 layers of embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 30

3 categories of tumours of the ovary

Answer 30

surface epithelium tumours sex cord stromal tumours germ cell tumours

Question 31

examples of surfcae epithelium tumours of ovary

Answer 31

serous mucinous endometrioid clear cell brenner mixed

Question 32

examples of germ cell tumours of ovary

Answer 32

teratoma dygerminoma yolk sac tumour choriocarcinoma

Question 33

examples of sex cord / stromal tumours

Answer 33

granulosa / thecal cell tumours fibromas androblastomas gonadoblastomas

Question 34

what is the main testicular type of tumour

Answer 34

germ cell

Question 35

how are teratomas divided

Answer 35

mature immature (not benign and malignant)

Question 36

does immature or mature teratoma have a better prognosis

Answer 36

mature

Question 37

why does immature teratoma have worse prognosis

Answer 37

immature means it contains embryonic tissue - ie stem cells - so can become any other type of tissue

Question 38

where are teratomas most common

Answer 38

1 = ovary 2 = testes

Question 39

are teratomas in the ovary usually benign or malignant

Answer 39

benign (more mature)

Question 40

are teratomas in the testes usually benign or malignant

Answer 40

malignant (more immature)

Question 41

what is the common name of a mature cystic teratoma of ovary

Answer 41

dermoid cyst

Question 42

where else can teratomas be found outside of gonads & why

Answer 42

pineal, base of skull, mediastinum, sacro-coccygeal - found anywhere where germ cells have migrated from

Question 43

markers for neuroendocrine cells / tumours

Answer 43

chromogranin ** key one synaptophysin cd56

Question 44

how else can neuroendocrine cells be identified

Answer 44

lookin for individual hormone that the cell produces

Question 45

where can neuroendocrine tumours arise

Answer 45

any part of GIT - also any part of the foregut / midgut / hindgut --> also includes thymus

Question 46

which type of neuroendocrine tumours are high grade / low grade

Answer 46

NETs from hindgut = low grade NETs from midgut = high grade

Question 47

most common sites of NETs

Answer 47

rectum SI lung skin / thymus

Question 48

how are NETs graded

Answer 48

based on number of mitoses / Ki67 NOT how they look etc

Question 49

what does Ki-67 measure

Answer 49

how mitotically active the cell is

Question 50

what syndrome is associated with high production of gastrin from NETs

Answer 50

Zollinger Ellison

Question 51

what syndrome is associated with high production of serotonin from NETs

Answer 51

Carcinoid

Question 52

what syndrome is associated with high production of insulin from NETs

Answer 52

hypoglycaemia