C - Nutrition (E)

Question 1

which vitamins are fat soluble

Answer 1

A D E K

Question 2

what is vitamin A

Answer 2

retinol

Question 3

what is vitamin D

Answer 3

cholecalciferol

Question 4

what is vitamin E

Answer 4

tocopherol

Question 5

what is vitamin K

Answer 5

phytomenadione

Question 6

PC of vit A deficiency

Answer 6

colour blindness

Question 7

PC of vit D deficiency

Answer 7

rickets / osteomalacia

Question 8

PC of vit E deficiency

Answer 8

anaemia
neuropathy
? malignancy
IHD

Question 9

PC of vit K deficiency

Answer 9

defective clotting

Question 10

PC of excess vit A

Answer 10

exfoliation
hepatitis

Question 11

PC of excess vit D

Answer 11

hypercalcaemia

Question 12

how are the fat soluble vitamins tested

Answer 12

A D E = serum
K = PTT

Question 13

what are the water soluble vitamins

Answer 13

B1
B2
B6
B12
C
folate
niacin

Question 14

what is vit b1

Answer 14

thiamine

Question 15

what is vit b2

Answer 15

riboflavin

Question 16

what is vit b6

Answer 16

pyridoxine

Question 17

what is vit b12

Answer 17

cobalamin

Question 18

PC of deficiency of vit b1

Answer 18

beri beri
neuropathy
wernickes

Question 19

PC of deficiency of vit b2

Answer 19

glossitis

Question 20

PC of deficiency of vit b6

Answer 20

dermatitis
anaemia

Question 21

PC of deficiency of vit b12

Answer 21

pernicious anaemia

Question 22

PC of excess of vit b6

Answer 22

neuropathy

Question 23

how is vit b1 tested

Answer 23

RBC transketolase
(rarely done - would just Tx)

Question 24

how is vit b2 tested

Answer 24

RBC glutathione reductase
(rarely done)

Question 25

how is vit b6 tested

Answer 25

RBC AST activation (rarely done)

Question 26

how is vit b12 tested

Answer 26

serum b12

Question 27

PC of vit C deficiency

Answer 27

scurvy

Question 28

PC of excess vit C

Answer 28

renal stones

Question 29

test for vit C

Answer 29

plasma (rarely done)

Question 30

PC of deficiency of folate

Answer 30

megaloblastic anaemia neural tube defect

Question 31

PC of deficiency of niacin

Answer 31

pellagra

Question 32

test for folate

Answer 32

RBC folate

Question 33

PC of pellagra

Answer 33

dermatitis diarrhoea dementia --> death

Question 34

name 5 trace elements that are important in diet / health

Answer 34

iron iodine zinc copper fluoride

Question 35

PC of deficiency of iron

Answer 35

hypochromic anaemia

Question 36

PC of xs iron

Answer 36

haemochromatosis (can also affect fertility - deposited in testes)

Question 37

what does deficiency of iodine cause

Answer 37

goitre hypothyroidism

Question 38

what does deficiency of zinc cause

Answer 38

dermatitis

Question 39

what does deficiency of copper cause

Answer 39

anaemia

Question 40

what is an xs of copper called

Answer 40

wilsons

Question 41

what does a deficiency of fluoride cause

Answer 41

dental carries

Question 42

what is xs fluoride caused

Answer 42

flurosis

Question 43

how is iron measured

Answer 43

FBC ferritin Fe

Question 44

how is copper measured

Answer 44

Cu caeroplasmin

Question 45

how is iodine measured

Answer 45

TFTs

Question 46

which tissue has the greatest influence on satiety etc

Answer 46

white adipose tissue

Question 47

which hormone makes you insulin resistant after eating a big meal

Answer 47

adiponectin

Question 48

which is the anti hunger hormone

Answer 48

leptin

Question 49

which is the hunger hormone

Answer 49

Ghrelin

Question 50

which is the hormone which increases after eating a big meal to reduce hunger

Answer 50

PYY

Question 51

what % of body is water / fat / protein / minerals

Answer 51

water 60-70% / fat 10-35% / protein 10-15% / minerals 3-5%

Question 52

what BMI is overweight / obese / morbidly obese

Answer 52

overweight 25-30 obese >30 morbidly obese >40

Question 53

how are BMI cut offs different for south asian people

Answer 53

2 units lower, so a BMI of 23 for south asian is overweight

Question 54

other comorbidities of obesity

Answer 54

psychological issues chest disease eg OSA malignancy - bowel / breast etc DM gynae - PCOS rheumatological issues pregnancy issues

Question 55

how have diets changed over time

Answer 55

more fats, less carbs

Question 56

protein intake in men / women

Answer 56

84mg men 64mg women

Question 57

good lipids

Answer 57

polyunsaturated fatty acids inc essential fatty acids

Question 58

good cholesterol

Answer 58

HDL

Question 59

how are saturate fats different from unsaturated fats

Answer 59

saturated have no carbon bonds, polyunsaturated have lots of carbon bonds

Question 60

which fatty acids are worse

Answer 60

trans fatty acids (cis fatty acids better)

Question 61

high trans fatty acids = ?

Answer 61

increased risk of IHD

Question 62

what are the components of metabolic syndrome

Answer 62

fasting glucose >6 waist circumference >102(M) or >88(F) microalbumin insulin resistance HTN >135/80 HDL <1(M) or <1.3(F)

Question 63

what % of UK population is obese

Answer 63

25%

Question 64

what % of population is overweight

Answer 64

66%

Question 65

what is the first step in Ix/Tx obesity

Answer 65

rule out endocrine cause (rare) but won't respond to Tx

Question 66

Mx of obesity after ruling out endocrine causes

Answer 66

exclude complications of obesity educate diet exercise medical Tx surgical Tx - bariatric surgery

Question 67

what are the medical Tx of obesity

Answer 67

orlistat GLP1 agonist

Question 68

surgical Tx options for obesity

Answer 68

gastric bypass (best) gastric band sleeve gastrectomy

Question 69

what happens in a gastric bypass surgery

Answer 69

bypass majority of stomach and first part of duodenum, then plum in next bit of colon

Question 70

what is marasmus

Answer 70

malnutrition of protein and carbs

Question 71

features of marasmus

Answer 71

shrivlled growth retardation severe muscle wasting no subcut fat

Question 72

what is kwashiorkor

Answer 72

malnutrition of protein but have enough carbs

Question 73

who gets kwashiorkor

Answer 73

famine areas

Question 74

features of kwashiorkor

Answer 74

OEDEMA scaling / ulceration lethargic large liver subcut fat