Mi - Worms

Question 1

what is the medical word for worms

Answer 1

helminths

Question 2

how do worms cause rapid vs slow damage

Answer 2

rapid = humans aren’t their natural host
slow = worms / eggs try to escape

Question 3

3 types of worms

Answer 3

cestodes
trematodes
nematodes

Question 4

what are cestodes aka

Answer 4

tape worms

Question 5

2 types of cestodes

Answer 5

pork / beef / fish
hydatid

Question 6

what do cestodes look like

Answer 6

flat, segmented (oldest at the end)

Question 7

what are trematodes aka

Answer 7

flukes

Question 8

4 places trematodes can invade

Answer 8

lung / liver / intestinal / blood

Question 9

what is the trematode that infects blood called

Answer 9

schistosomiasis

Question 10

what are nematodes aka

Answer 10

roundworms

Question 11

3 types of nematodes

Answer 11

hookworms
ascaris
tichuris enchuria

Question 12

what do nematodes look like

Answer 12

round with body cavity

Question 13

what is the definitive and intermediate host in the pork / beef tapeworm

Answer 13

human is definitive host
cow / pig is intermediate host

Question 14

what is pork / beef tapeworm called

Answer 14

taenia

Question 15

what is the taenia disease called

Answer 15

cystercicosis

Question 16

what happens inside the human when it gets cystercicosis from taenia

Answer 16

taenia keeps growing as the human is effectively acting like the pig (intermediate host)

Question 17

what is the definitive / intermediate / accidental host in hydatid disease

Answer 17

intermediate = sheep / goats
definitive = foxes / dogs
accidental = humans

Question 18

what disease does hydatid look like

Answer 18

cystercicosis

Question 19

how is hydatid disease passed

Answer 19

via dog poo

Question 20

tx of hydatid disease worms

Answer 20

praziquantel

Question 21

tx of hydatid disease cysts

Answer 21

PAIR surgery - suck out contents
albendazole long term

Question 22

tx of cystersicosis (3)

Answer 22

albendazole
prazinquantel
steroids

Question 23

worms only cause issues for humans when they are the ____ host not the ____ host

Answer 23

issues = accidental intermediate host
no issues = definitive host

Question 24

how are cysts in cystercisosis / hydatid diagnosed

Answer 24

imaging and serology

Question 25

how many species of schistosomiasis are there

Answer 25

4

Question 26

where is schistosomiasis mainly found

Answer 26

africa !!!! no1 SE asia south /cent america

Question 27

3 organs that schistosomiasis damages

Answer 27

bladder / bowel liver

Question 28

how does schistosomiasis damage the bladder / bowel

Answer 28

migration of eggs through bladder / bowel --> can get TCC of bladder

Question 29

how does schistosomiasis damage the liver

Answer 29

retrograde passage of eggs through liver --> cirrhosis

Question 30

schistosomiasis is the only fluke that has both ____ ?

Answer 30

sexes (ie there are males and females)

Question 31

lifecycle of schistosomiasis

Answer 31

pair up M&F --> eggs --> migrate through bladder --> pass into water --> hatch into snails --> burrow into human foot --> find venous plexus --> find mate --> eggs

Question 32

how is schistosomiasis diagnosed

Answer 32

microscopy of terminal urine stool culture serology (ABs) biopsy

Question 33

what species is isolated from urine microscopy in schistosomiasis

Answer 33

s. haematomiab

Question 34

what species is isolated from stool in schistosomiasis

Answer 34

s.triansoni

Question 35

sx of schistosomiasis

Answer 35

haematuria

Question 36

tx of schistosomiasis

Answer 36

prazinquantel

Question 37

how is schistosomiasis prevented

Answer 37

hard - kill snails - mass tx with prazinquantel - avoid snails / fresh water

Question 38

what causes damage in schistosomiasis

Answer 38

egg deposition

Question 39

how are nematodes transmitted

Answer 39

soil --> food / transdermal

Question 40

general prognosis for nematodes

Answer 40

not really, don't cause too much trouble

Question 41

how do nematodes cause disease (4)

Answer 41

migration worm burden malabsorption and blood loss psychological distress

Question 42

lifecycle of ascaris

Answer 42

eggs swallowed in food --> hatch in stomach --> travel to gut --> eggs

Question 43

name another nematode

Answer 43

strongyloides

Question 44

what special skill does strongyloides have that no other helminth does

Answer 44

autoinfection (all cell cycle is in humans)

Question 45

how does strongyloides autoinfect humans

Answer 45

eggs hatch in stool to form larvae --> if stool is still in rectum, then they can reinfect the same human if worm is mature enough

Question 46

sx of soil transmitted helminths

Answer 46

usually none - most people will never know they have them

Question 47

what carries filiariasis

Answer 47

blackflies / mosquitos

Question 48

types of filiariasis (3)

Answer 48

lymphatic subcut seroud cavity

Question 49

what is included in a parasite screen (including 3 bugs to look for)

Answer 49

serology - stronglyoides / schistosomiasis / filaria stool micro

Question 50

filaria lifecycle

Answer 50

adult worms pass eggs --> sucked up by vector --> injected into next host

Question 51

2 complications of filariasis

Answer 51

elephantitis river blindness

Question 52

dx of filariasis

Answer 52

find them in blood / skin ABs via ELISA USS - see adult worms

Question 53

what is the name of the sign on USS of adult filaria worms moving

Answer 53

dance sign

Question 54

what is myiasis

Answer 54

parasitisation of human flesh by fly larvae

Question 55

what 2 flies cause myiasis and where is each endemic to

Answer 55

bot fly - south america tumbu fly - africa

Question 56

why does myiasis cause local damage

Answer 56

maggots burrow into flesh

Question 57

who in UK gets myiasis and why

Answer 57

homeless people - they are opportunistic here so only invade ulcers not cared for etc

Question 58

other than parasites, what can cause a raised eosinophils

Answer 58

atopy allergy HL / NHL SLE

Question 59

what type of helminth comes out of the leg

Answer 59

guinea worm

Question 60

which helminth lives in the bowel and is passed from food

Answer 60

ascaris

Question 61

febrile child with worms coming out of nose / mouth / bum / every oriffice. what is the helminth and why is it doing that?

Answer 61

ascaris - doesn't like heat

Question 62

what % of hydatid serology is negative in infected people

Answer 62

25%

Question 63

what bug causes subcutaneous swelling as they spread

Answer 63

Loa Loa