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Block 3; Week 7 > Highison--Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Highison--Female Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

From the outside to the inside, what are the main layers of a woman’s ovary?

A

Germinal Epithelium
Tunica Albuginea
Cortex
Medulla

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2
Q

What makes the germinal epithelium?

A

This is sort of a peritoneal covering on the outside of the ovary–>it is made up of mesothelial cells.

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3
Q

What makes up the tunic albuginea?

A

This is a CT band that is found in both the ovaries & testes.

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4
Q

What are the 2 main things that the endocrine portion of the ovary secretes?

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

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5
Q

Where are the arteries & veins found in the ovary?

A

in the medulla! this is also where the hormones travel

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6
Q

Where are the follicles found in the ovary? What are the different levels?

A 
in the cortex!
Youngest: Primordial Follicles
Growing Follicles
Preovulatory Follices
Corpus Luteum
Oldest: Corpus Albicans
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7
Q

When is a follicular cell considered a granulosa cell?

A

once it starts producing hormones…

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8
Q

Where is the primary oocyte from? Where are the follicular cells from?

A

Primary Oocyte–>from the secondary yolk sac, producing from Meiosis I
Follicular cells–>from the ovary

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9
Q

Describe the characteristics of the primordial follicle.

A

Outside–>Inside
Basal Lamina
Squamous follicular or Granulosa cells
Primary Oocyte

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10
Q

After a primordial follicle changes to a __________, what are its characteristics?

A 
Primary Follicle-->unilayered
Outside-->Inside
Basal Lamina
cuboidal follicular cells
Zona pellucida starts to form
primary oocyte
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11
Q

What produces the zona pellucida?

A

the primary oocyte!

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12
Q

The primary follicle that is unilayered then forms ________, what are its characteristics?

A 
Primary Follicle Multilayered
Outside-->Inside
Theca Externa Cells: CT
Theca Interna Cells: look nice & plump
Basal Lamina
multilayered cuboidal follicular cells
Zona pellucida
primary oocyte
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13
Q

At the point of the primary follicle multilayered forms do you still have a primary oocyte or is it a secondary oocyte?

A

Still a primary oocyte!! : )

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14
Q

What are the 3 glycoproteins that make up the zona pellucida?

A

ZP1, ZP2, ZP3

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15
Q

What prevents early meiosis I prophase I completion?

A

oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI)
this is secreted from the surrounding follicular cell. They have a process that pierces thru the ZP & gets to the primary oocyte. thru a gap jcn it communicates & gives the OMI.

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16
Q

The egg must complete meiosis I prophase I before ovulation. With all of this OMI hanging around…how does it achieve that?

A

there is a complex formed by cdc2-cyclin B that is called MPF: maturation promoting factor.
This goes into the nucleus and completes the thing. It gets into the nucleus by breaking down the nuclear envelope, a process called germinal vesicle breakdown.

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17
Q

When MPF gets into the nucleus via germinal vesicle breakdown, what else happens?

A

the formation of the first polar body, which then rests in the perivitelline space.

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18
Q

Where do gap junctions exist in a follicle?

A

b/w the follicular cells that make up the corona radiata. They also exist b/w the cell process of the follicular cell & the primary oocyte.

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19
Q

Where is the perivitelline space located?

A

b/w the primary oocyte & the ZP

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20
Q

What happens to the structure of the follicle @ fertilization?

A

through Ca++ release, the cortical granules (little protrusions off of the secondary oocyte)…release proteases that act on the ZP.
ZP2 glycoprotein changes conformation…
ZP3 glycoprotein has its carbs removed…
This makes it impossible for another sperm to penetrate

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21
Q

When the theca interna cells are super rounded up in shape…do you have follicular cells or granulosa cells?

A

granulosa cells!

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22
Q

In a secondary follicle, what are the theca externa cells all about?

A

These are stromal cells on the very outside & they are mainly made of CT.

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23
Q

In a secondary follicle, what are the theca interna cells all about?

A

These are inside of the theca externa cells & they are endocrine cells that produce androgens.

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24
Q

What’s the deal w/ the antrums in the secondary follicle?

A

these are formed by the call-exner bodies that produce the antrum.
the antrums push out the primary oocyte.
the antrum is filled w/ hyaluronate, steroids, growth factors, gonadotropins

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25
What are call-exner bodies?
these are organizing follicular cells that form the antrum.
26
Where are the blood vessels found that supply the follicle?
in the layer with the theca interna cells
27
At what point do you have a corona radiata?
once the antrum gets super big, pushes the primary oocyte to one side & you are a Graafian follicle. then the corona radiata surround the ZP
28
When you have a Graafian follicle, do you have CT?
yes, in the outer layer of the theca externa cells.
29
What is the cumulus oophorus?
a mass of epithelial granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in the maturing ovarian follicle.
30
In a maturing follicle if the cumulus oophorus is like the golf tee, what is the golfball?
Golfball: primary oocyte
31
In the primary or secondary follicle, where is the estradiol secreted from?
from the follicular or granulosa cells
32
Explain the entire process, including the hormones that are involved, in secreting estradiol from follicular cells.
Cholesterol from the blood goes into the theca interna cells. LH from the blood binds LH receptors on the theca interna cells. Androstenedione is made in the theca interna cells & gets over to the follicular cells. FSH from the blood binds the FSH receptor on the follicular/granulosa cells. This causes the formation of estradiol & its secretion.
33
Explain the types of receptors on follicular/granulosa cells.
``` Early on: only FSH receptors Later On (Graafian follicle): FSH & LH receptors; the importance of the LH receptors is that this allows for the lutenization of the ruptured follicle after ovulation. ```
34
Ovulation occurs on which day? As what type of cell?
on day 14 as a secondary oocyte. Note: a polar body will be seen.
35
What types of cells is the corona radiata composed of?
specialized follicular cells
36
What does angiogenesis have to do with ovulation?
angiogenesis, the proliferation of more blood vessels, takes place in the theca interna
37
After ovulation, what is released? What are the layers?
Outside-->Inside Corona Radiata ZP 2ndry oocyte & polar body
38
Which tissue layers will be left behind after ovulation?
``` Outside-->inside tunica externa (CT) tunica interna (tons of blood vessels) basement membrane granulosa cells ```
39
Which position does the follicle need to be in before ovulation? Which layers must it break through?
must be located near the surface theca externa tunica albuginea surface epithelium
40
How does the follicle miraculously burst through the final layers?
LH surge proteases are released from fibroblasts they degrade the collagen fibers of the theca externa & tunica albuginea
41
What is the area called where the Graafian follicle burst through during ovulation?
it is called the stigma.
42
What is corpus hemorrhagicum?
during ovulation the basement membrane breaks down... the blood vessels of the theca interna invade the granulosa cell layer... blood fills the antral cavity...
43
After ovulation, what structure is left in the ovary? How long does it stay there?
corpus luteum | continues on from day 14-26
44
What is FSH produced by?
basophil cells in the adenohypophysis
45
What is the phase before ovulation called? What is the phase after ovulation called?
Before ovulation: follicular phase | After ovulation: Luteal Phase
46
Which hormone(s) is/are synthesized during the follicular phase?
only estrogen
47
Which hormone(s) is/are synthesized during the luteal phase?
both estrogen & progesterone
48
T/F The Secondary oocyte released by the Graafian follicle is covered by a corona radiata.
TRUE
49
The blood vessels that fill the antrum of the corpus luteum come from where?
from the theca interna cell layer...
50
The corpus luteum fills with CT...b/c of what?
Fibroblasts
51
What do theca lutein cells form? Follicular lutein cells?
Theca Lutein Cells: Androstenedione, Progesterone | Follicular Lutein Cells: Estrogen, Progesterone
52
Explain the production of estrogen in follicular lutein cells.
LH stimulates theca lutein cells to take up cholesterol from the blood. With this, they form androstenedione. This diffuses into follicular lutein cells. There, they make estrogen from the androstenedione via aromatase. Also, under the control of FSH & LH, they form progesterone from cholesterol that they take up from the blood.
53
What does FSH do to the corpus luteum?
Follicular lutein cells-->progesterone & estradiol
54
What does LH do to the corpus luteum?
Theca lutein cells-->progesterone & androstenedione
55
During pregnancy, which 2 substances up regulate the effects of estradiol? How do they do this?
Prolactin & Placental Lactogens Estradiol released by follicular lutein cells **upregulates by increasing the amount of estrogen receptors...
56
What is luteolysis? What is the exact process?
This is what happens to the corpus luteum when pregnancy does not occur. First blood flow is reduced, hypoxia results. T Cells reach the corpus luteum. Interferon gamma is released. This acts on endothelium & causes macrophages to come. Macrophages produce tumor necrosis factor alpha. This starts apoptosis.
57
Why is it that prepubescent females start looking like young ladies?
a buildup of estrogen... | theca interna cells & granulosa cells that are retained b/c of lack of menstruation produce some estrogen over time...
58
Which portion of the uterine tube is considered distal? Proximal?
Distal: fimbriae Proximal: near uterus
59
Which part of the uterine tube is closest to the fimbrae?
infundibulum
60
Which part of the uterine tube is narrowest?
the isthmus, this is the part nearest the uterus...it has muscle to get ovum into uterus.
61
Which part of the uterine tube is the most common site for fertilization?
ampulla
62
If there is a pregnancy in the oviduct...what is this called?
ectopic pregnancy | **implantation in the mucosa of the oviduct
63
What happens to the fimbrae of the oviduct near ovulation?
The fimbrae become swollen with blood..this allows for passage of the ovum from the ovary to the uterine tube... this area of the oviduct is also lined w/ ciliated epithelium
64
Describe the histology of the uterine tube.
Mucosa: ciliated cells & peg cells Muscularis: inner circular, outer longitudinal Serosa
65
What happens to ciliated cells in the mucosa of the oviduct?
They increase in height during estrogenic phase of the menstrual cycle...this meets a max height @ ovulation. They decrease in height as progesterone levels are elevated.
66
Peg cells in the mucosa of the oviduct are shorter during which stage? What do they secrete?
progesterone stage | secrete stuff for egg nutrients & sperm capacitation
67
What are the 2 strata layers of the endometrium?
``` Stratum Functionalis (shed) Stratum Basale ```
68
The muscle layers of the myometrium are at what angle?
oblique angles
69
The outermost layer of the uterus is called what on the posterior aspect? Does this extend at all to the anterior aspect?
Perimetrium, Serosa | Yes, extends to the anterior surface.
70
the part of the anterior surface of the uterus that is not covered by serosa, is covered by what?
Adventitia
71
During days 5-14 what do the glands of the endometrium look like?
All straight
72
Days 15-28 what do the glands of the endometrium look like?
glands take on a lot of glycogen | the glands become coiled & corkscrewed
73
Which hormone is needed to rebuild the endometrium after menstruation?
estrogen
74
Before ovulation, the endometrium is called ____. After ovulation, the endometrium is called _____.
Before Ov endo: Proliferative Endometrium | After Ov endo: Secretory Endometrium
75
After day 14, you switch from ____ phase to ____ phase.
After day 14, switch from follicular phase to luteal phase.
76
Which hormone switches the endometrium from proliferative to secretory?
progesterone
77
Which arteries supply the basal layer of the endometrium? Which arteries supply the functional layer of the endometrium? Which layer has receptors for progesterone?
Functional: spiral arteries (receptors for progesterone) Basal: straight arteries
78
Describe menstruation.
Turn off progesterone to the spiral arteries. Contractions of the spiral arteries. Hypoxia. The arteries break down & the lamina propria fill with blood.
79
Which hormone builds up & which hormone breaks down?
Estrogen builds up. | Progesterone breaks down.
80
Is there a layer of the cervix that is shed during menstruation?
No. but there are 2 layers of the cervix.
81
What is the ectropion?
as the female grows, the cervix folds out & metaplasia of the endothelium occurs
82
What are Nabothian follicles?
these are mucus-filled follicles this is near the cervix this is something that changes thru the cycles.
83
95% of cervical cancer occurs where?
in the transitional zone
84
What type of epithelium is found on the endocervix?
columnar epithelium
85
What type of epithelium is found on the ectocervix?
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
86
What does lactobacillus do in the vagina?
It converts glycogen to lactic acid. It lowers the pH. These keeps the flora from growing too much.
87
Describe the mucosa of the vagina.
parakeratinized epithelium | vascular LP
88
Describe the muscular layer of the vagina.
ICOL smooth muscle | Bulbospongiosus muscle @ the opening
89
What are the 2 layers of the adventitia of the vagina?
Inner elastic layer | Outer vascular layer
90
During puberty, breast tissue is under the control of which hormones?
estrogen progesterone prolactin
91
During pregnancy, breast tissue is under the control of which hormones?
prolactin | placental hormones
92
Estrogen stimulates the development of ____. Progesterone stimulates the development of _____.
Estrogen-->duct development | Progesterone-->alveolar buds
93
Where is lobular alveolar tissue located in the female?
at the ends of branching lactiferous ducts...
94
90% of breast cancers develop in which types of tissue?
ductal epithelium
95
Most breast cancers occur in which quadrant? Which percentage?
superior lateral quadrant (50%)
96
What is the prevalence of breast cancers in the other quadrants?
Superior Medial quadrant: 15% Inferior Medial Quadrant: 6% Inferior lateral quadrant: 11%
97
What is the point of releasing dimeric IgA into milk? How is it released?
passive immunity to the baby produced by plasma cells gets into the lumen via transcytosis **we're talking mammary alveolar cells
98
What makes lactose?
Golgi apparatus of mammary alveolar cells
99
How is fat released into the lumen of the alveolus?
Apocrine secretion | triglycerides & cholesterol
100
Which proteins are released into the lumen of the alveolus? What type of secretion is used?
Merocrine secretion casein alpha lactalbumin parathyroid hormone-related protein
101
What does prolactin do to mammary alveolar cells?
stimulates milk production
102
What does oxytocin do to mammary alveolar cells?
stimulates milk release via contraction of myoepithelial cells

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