Histology

Question 1

what is phonation

Answer 1

making sounds

Question 2

what is olfaction

Answer 2

smelling

Question 3

what is the role of the nasal cavity

Answer 3

warming, moistening and filtering the inspired air

Question 4

what cell type covers the roof of the nasal cavity

Answer 4

olfactory epithelium

Question 5

what cell type lines the vestibule

Answer 5

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 6

what happens to the epithelial cells as you descend deeper into the nasal cavity

Answer 6

lose keratin

Question 7

describe respiratory epithelium

Answer 7

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 8

what is underneath the respiratory epithelium

Answer 8

the lamina propria

Question 9

what is the lamina propria

Answer 9

band of connective tissue containing seromucous glands and a rich venous plexus

Question 10

what parts are lines with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and why

Answer 10

parts that transmit both air and food; oropharynx, anterior (lingual) surface and upper posterior surface of the epiglottis

Question 11

what is the larynx made of and lined with

Answer 11

cartilage and muscle, respiratory epithelium

Question 12

what are the vocal chords and adjacent structuers lined with and why

Answer 12

stratified squamous epithelium, not cilia

Question 13

describe the cartilage in the trachea

Answer 13

c shaped. gap spanned fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle

Question 14

what is the respiratory epithelium backed by in the trachea

Answer 14

a basal lamina, a lamina propria of connective tissue with abundant elastic tissues, a submucosa- connective tissue with seromucous glands

Question 15

what are the walls of the bronchus made up of

Answer 15

RE, lamina propria, muscularis (ring of smooth muscle), submucosa with adipose tissue and seromucous glands

Question 16

what happens to the hyaline cartilage as you descend down the bronchi

Answer 16

rings become irregularly shaped cartilage discs

Question 17

when is the cartilage fully lost?

Answer 17

when bronchi are about 1mm (bronchioles)

Question 18

what happens to the epithelium as you descend down the respiratory tree

Answer 18

decreases in height from columnar to cuboidal

Question 19

what are the terminal bronchioles

Answer 19

smallest bronchioles that lack respiratory function

Question 20

what are the respiratory bronchioles

Answer 20

after terminal, bronchioles with respiratory function

Question 21

what is the lamina propria of the terminal bronchioles made of

Answer 21

smooth muscle and elastic and collagenous fibers

Question 22

what do the smooth muscles of the bronchioles respond to

Answer 22

parasympathetic, innervation, histamine and other factors

Question 23

what are terminal bronchioles lined with

Answer 23

cuboidal ciliated epithelium and non ciliated club cells

Question 24

what are the role of club cells

Answer 24

stem cells, detoxification, immune modulation, surfactant production

Question 25

what cells composes the alveoli

Answer 25

discontinuous squamous type 1 and 2 alveolar cells

Question 26

alveolar cells are also called

Answer 26

pneumocytes

Question 27

describe type 1 cells

Answer 27

simple squamous epithelium

Question 28

describe type 2 cells

Answer 28

polygonal, free surface covered by microvilli, dense membrane bound with lamellar bodies which contain surfactant

Question 29

how is surfactant released by type 2 cells

Answer 29

via exocytosis

Question 30

what does surfactant do and thus prevent

Answer 30

reduces surface tension of pulmonary surface which reduces tendency for alveoli to collapse

Question 31

what are dust cells also known as

Answer 31

alveolar macrophages

Question 32

where do dust cells reside

Answer 32

free cells either in the septa or migrating over the luminal surfaces of the alveoli

Question 33

what is the role of the dust cells

Answer 33

to phagocytose inhaled particles that may have escaped entrapment by the mucous lining of the airway

Question 34

where do dust cells migrate to

Answer 34

up the bronchial tree, transported by ciliary action, to the pharynx where they are swallowed or move into the septal connective tissue where they remain

Question 35

what is the air blood barrier

Answer 35

the septa between alveoli permeated with capillary networks

Question 36

what does the air blood barrier consist of histologically

Answer 36

type 1 cell, endothelial cell and the basal lamina of each

Question 37

describe the outer layer of the visceral pleura

Answer 37

simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium backed by layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissues,

Question 38

how does smoking affect cilia

Answer 38

paralyses them

Question 39

how does smoking affect trachea epithelium

Answer 39

replaces it with squamous

Question 40

what does the cartilage prevent

Answer 40

smooth muscle closing the airway

Question 41

where is the alveolar duct located

Answer 41

at the end of the resp. bronchioles before alveoli

Question 42

what almost always causes mesothelium cancer

Answer 42

asbestos