Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Respiratory > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

(116 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is oedema

A

excess watery fluid gathering in tissues/cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the pathology of pneumonia

A

infection involving the distal airspaces usually with inflammatory exudation, localised oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why does consolidation result from pneumonia

A

due to fluid present in air spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is pneumonia classed by morphology

A

structure and form e.g. lobar pneumonia/bronchopneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is RSV

A

respiratory syncytial virus, can cause pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

name 2 more viruses that can cause pneumonia

A

influenza, parainfluenza, measles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe lobar pneumonia

A

confluent (flowing together or merging) consolidation involving a complete lung lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is lobar pneumonia most commonly caused by

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what transmits legionella

A

inhalation of vaporised stagnant water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

is lobar pneumonia usually community or hospital acquired

A

community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the the acute inflammatory response associated with lobar pneumonia

A

exudation of fibrin-rich fluid, neutrophil infiltration, macrophage infiltration, resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the role of antigens lead to

A

opsonisation (serum molecules attach to microbes making them more attractive to antibodies- identification of pathogens by phagocytes that engulf them) and phagocytosis of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the pathology of meningitis

A

pus around the brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is edema

A

swelling- due to injury/inflammation, because of small blood vessels leaking in to tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an abscess a differential diagnosis of

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the complications of lobar pneumonia

A

organisation (fibrous scarring), abscess, bronchiectasis, empyema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is empyema

A

collection of pus in (pleural) cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a bronchopenuomia

A

infection starting in the airways and spreading to the adjacent alveolar lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe the pathology present in bronchopneumonia

A

patches of consolidation within the lung rather than the whole lung in lobar pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what (4) is bronchopneumonia usually a result of

A

COPD (exacerbation, acute bronchitis, hypoxic, resp failure), cardiac failure, complication of viral infection (influenza), aspiration of gastric contents (aspiration pneumonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what organisms commonly cause bronchopneumonia

A

more varied- strep. pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza, staphylococcus, anaerobes, coliforms (gut bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what microbes are common in aspiration pneumonia

A

staph., anaerobes, coliforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the complications of bronchopneumonia

A

organisation, abscess, bronchiectasis, empyema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what symptoms of an abscess means its commonly misdiagnosed with cancer

A

chronic malaise (discomfort) and fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is an abscess
localised collection of pus
26
what is the tissue surrounding a tumour often like
haemorrhagic, inflamed and congested
27
what is bronchiectasis
abnormal fixed dilation of the bronchi
28
what is bronchiectasis usually due to
fibrous scarring following infection
29
give examples of infections/ conditions that result in infection that can cause fibrous scarring
pneumonia, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis
30
how does scar tissue open airways
by contracting, dilates it
31
what does airway dilation do to the surrounding tissue?
destroys it
32
what results form the dilated airways
accumulation of purulent secretions, chronic suppuration, an inability to clear secretions
33
what is bronchiectasis also seen with
chronic obstruction (tumour)
34
what is tuberculosis
mycobacterial, chronic infection
35
how is tuberculosis pathology characterised
delayed type IV hypersensitivity (granulomas with necrosis)
36
describe hypersensitivity and what mediates it
t cell mediated, when own immune cells damage the body
37
what is a granuloma
localised collections of activated macrophages
38
what do organisms other than m. tuberculosis/ m. bovis cause
atypical infection especially in immunocomprimised host
39
what is pathogenicity
the ability of an organism to cause disease
40
describe the pathogenicity of organisms that cause tuberculosis
able to avoid phagocytosis- tough enzyme resistant coat, can stimulate a host T-cell response- hypersensitivity
41
what does the t-cell response to an organism enhance
macrophage ability to kill mycobacteria
42
what does t-cell response cause in hypersensitivity type IV
granulomatous inflammation, tissue necrosis and scarring
43
when does primary TB occur
1st exposure up to 5 years
44
describe the pathologocial process of gaining immunity against tuberculosis after inhalation of organism
organism phagocytosed and carried to hilar lymph nodes. immune activation (few weeks) leads to a granulomatous response in nodes (and in lung) usually with killing of organism
45
when does the infection spread within the body
when the infection is overwhelming or immune response impaired
46
what is secondary TB
reinfection or reactivation of TB in a person with some immunity
47
how does secondary tuberculosis tend to initially exist
remains localised, often shadows in apices of lung
48
how can secondary TB spread within the body
by airways or in bloodstream
49
what tissue changes occur in primary TB
small focus (Ghon focus) in periphery of mid zone of lung, granulomatous- large hilar nodes
50
what tissue changes occur in secondary TB
fibrosing and cavitating apical lesion, necrosis
51
what is a lesion
region of tissue that has suffered damage
52
is the organism killed in hypersensitivity
no
53
what does TB reactivate?
decreased T-cell function, reinfection at high does or with more virulent organism
54
what decreased T cell function
age, coincident disease (HIV- decreased T cell function T4H), immunosupressive therapy (steroids, cancer, chemotherapy)
55
when and how can TB reactivate
any stage in life with many manifestations
56
what pathogens/ infections affect an immunocompromised host
opportunistic pathogens- dont usually cause harm | virulent infections with common organisms
57
what is a lavage
washing out of body cavity
58
how is TB diagnosed
high index of suspicion (e.g. on treatment), multidisciplinary team, broncho-alveolar lavage, biopsy
59
how can TB cause a haemorrhage
infection spreads into blood vessel
60
how does HIV virus affect cells
swollen, enlarged nucleus due to viral particles
61
describe the dual supply of the pulmonary circulation
composed of pulmonary and bronchial arteries
62
is the pulmonary circulation a high or low pressure system
low
63
how are the pulmonary arteries able to act as a filter for the entire bloodstream
as pulmonary arteries receives entire cardiac output
64
because the pulmonary circulation is a low pressure system- at normal pressures- describe the vessels and incidence of atherosclerosis
thin walled vessels, low incidence of atherosclerosis
65
what is a pulmonary oedema
accumulation of fluid in the lung
66
describe interstitium oedema's effect on patients
makes them breathless
67
describe oedema in the alveolar spaces
severe, causes consolidation
68
what are the two causes of pulmonary oedema
haemodynamic (increased hydrostatic pressure) cellular injury (alveolar lining and endothelium cells)
69
what causes localised cellular injury in the lungs
pneumonia
70
what causes generalised cellular injury in the lungs
adult respiratory distress syndrome
71
how does cardiac disease cause lung disease
as increases hydrostatic pressure
72
what is ARDS
adult respiratory distress syndrome
73
what is DADS
diffuse alveolar damage syndrome
74
what is shock lung
acute respiratory distress syndrome
75
what causes shock lung
sepsis, diffuse infection, severe trauma, oxygen treatment
76
describe the pathogenesis pf ARDS that leads to injury of cell membrane
inflammatory cells infiltrate lung, produce cytokines and oxygen free radicals
77
what pathological effects does ARDS have
fibrinous exudate lining alveolar walls (hyaline membranes), cellular regeneration, inflammation
78
what does a hyaline membrane do to alveolar lining
thickens it
79
what are three outcomes of ARDS
death, resolution, fibrosis (chronic restrictive lung disease)
80
what causes neonatal RDS
deficiency in surfactant causing physical damage to cells because of increased effort in expanding lung
81
what is an embolus
detached intravascular mass carried by the blood to a site in the body distant from its point of origin
82
what are most emboli
thrombi (clots)
83
what are 4 other types of embolus
gas, fat, foreign bodies, tumour clumps
84
what are pulmonary emboli an important cause of
sudden death and pulmonary hypertension
85
what is the source of most pulmonary emobli
DVT of lower limbs
86
what is a clot made of
platelets and fibrin
87
what does virchows trad show
risk factors for PE or DVT
88
what is virchows triad
factors in vessel wall, abnormal blood flow, hypercoaguable blood
89
what are the effects of a PE
sudden death, severe chest pain, dysnpnoea, haemopytsis, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary hypertension
90
what do the effects of a PE depend on
seize of embolus, cardiac function, respiratory function
91
what can be the effects of a small emboli
clinically silent, recurrent= pulmonary hypertension
92
what can be the effect of a large emboli
death, infarction, severe symptoms
93
what is ischaemic necrosis
death of tissue due to lack of blood supply (pulmonary infarct)
94
what is secondary pulmonary hypertension almost always due to
lung disease
95
how does hypoxia cause pulmonary hypertension
as causes vascular constriction ONLY IN THE LUNG- EVERYWHERE ELSE HYPOXIA CAUSES DILATION
96
how does congenital heart disease cause pulmonary hypertension
as increases flow through pulmonary vascular bed
97
how does a PE or emphysema cause pulmonary hypertension
blackage (PE) or loss (emphysema) of pulmonary vascular bed (blood vessels of the lungs)
98
what type of heart failure can cause pulmonary hypertension
left sided heart faiure- back pressure
99
describe the hypertrophy present in pulmonary hypertension
right ventricular hypertrophy, medial hypertrophy of arteries
100
what are two other factors of the morphology of pulmonary hypertension
intimal thickening (firbrosis), atheroma (fatty material that forms deposits in arteries)
101
what causes the thickening of pulmonary arteries in pulmonary hypertension and what is it called
caused by muscular fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. called intimal fibrosis
102
what is cor pulmonale
pulmonary hypertension complicating lung disease
103
what are the three components of cor pulmonale
right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular dilatation, right heart failure
104
what is the pleura
a mesothelial (lubricated) surface lining the lungs and the mediastinum
105
what is a pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
106
is transudate or exudate low or high in protein
transudate low protein | exudate high protein
107
what type of process is transudate and what causes it
passive process= cardiac failure, hypoproteinaemia
108
what type of process is exudate and what causes it
inflammatory process due to; pneumonia, TB, connective tissue disease, malignancy
109
give an example of when a purulent pleural effusion
empyema
110
what causes a effusion to be purulent
when its full of acute inflammatory cells
111
what is a pneumothorax and what can cause it
air in pleural space caused by trauma or rupture of bulla (blister)
112
what causes a spontaneous pneumothorax
rupture of bulla
113
what are the two types of primary pleural neoplasia
benign (rare), malignant mesothelioma
114
what is a common form of secondary pleural neoplasia
adenocarcinomas
115
can you get benign mesothelioma
no
116
why can mesothelioma look like either sarcoma or carcinoma
mixed epithelial/mesenchymal differentiation

Respiratory (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions