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Paediatrics Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what is the neonatal period

A

first 28 days

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2
Q

when is full term

A

37-42 weeks

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3
Q

when is due date

A

40 weeks

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4
Q

is a resp rate of 60 normal for neonates

A

yes

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5
Q

what is periodic breathing in neonates and is it normal

A

fast then slow, yes

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6
Q

what are signs of a baby in severe respiratory distress

A

sternal intercostal recession and grunting

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7
Q

how is sternal in drawing feasible

A

due to flexibility of the ribs

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8
Q

what is CPAP

A

continuous positive airway pressure, self induced, forced air against closed glottis to maintain breathing and pressure

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9
Q

what is a way to access the circulatory system in neonates that is not possible in adults

A

via the umbilicus

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10
Q

what causes respiratory distress syndrome

A

relative surfactant deficiency

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11
Q

how does the prevelance of resp distress syndrome change with gestation

A

decrease as baby matures, mainly affect pre term babys

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12
Q

at what age is surfactant secreted

A

30-32/40 weeks

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13
Q

what does a lack of surfactant result in

A

atelectasis (collapse) and impairment of gas exchange

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14
Q

how is production of surfactant stimulated

A

steroids

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15
Q

how is respiratory distress syndrome treated

A

mums in premature labour given steroids, can also give surfactant prophylactically via intubation

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16
Q

what is a pneumothorax

A

air in pleural space

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17
Q

when is there increased incidence of pneumothorax

A

pre term, CPAP and ventilated babys

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18
Q

what is the extra risk of a pneumothorax in ventilated babies

A

tension pneumothorax, chest drain- tube into chest cavity

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19
Q

what is chronic lung disease

A

when lung tissue is damaged and traps air or collapses and fills with fluid

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20
Q

what does chronic lung disease often follow

A

respiratory distress syndrome

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21
Q

what are the clinical signs of chronic lung disease

A

oxygen requirement beyond 36 weeks corrected gestation, evidence of pulmonary parenchymal disease on CXR

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22
Q

describe the healing stage of chronic lung disease in babies

A

associated with continual lung growth over 2-3 years often wheezy

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23
Q

what is dextrocardia

Study These Flashcards
A

heart sounds are on wrong side

24
Q

describe a diaphragmatic hernia in babies

Study These Flashcards
A

small bowl goes through hole in the diaphragm

25
what is a diaphragmatic hernia associated with
pulmonary hypoplasia
26
what is pulmonary hypoplasia
incomplete development of the lungs
27
why does pulmonary hypoplasia affect lung development
as it exerts pressure on lung bud
28
what should be avoided in a diaphragmatic hernia
avoid bag mask- IPPV as don't want to blow air into gut
29
how is a diaphragmatic hernia treated
surgery and resp support
30
describe transient tachypnoea of a newborn
short lasting increased breathing rate
31
how is fluid in the lungs removed during labour
stress causes re-absorption of fluid
32
why is infection a worry in neonates
as not many ways so showing deterioration- grunting can have many causes
33
why is hard to test children breathing abilities
find it hard to do tests and values change with age
34
what are chronic respiratory problems associated with older children
cystic fibrosis and asthma
35
what are some differential diagnosis of CF
immune deficiency, ciliary dyskinesia (cilia not moving right), asthma, kartagener's/immotile cilia syndrome (cilia beat the wrong way)
36
what can be seen on a CXR of cystic fibrosis
consolidation, patchy infiltrates/ nodules
37
why does a CF patient need a dietitian
pancreas doesn't break down food, cant get calories to grow
38
what clinical features increase the probability of an asthma diagnosis
wheeze, cough, chest tightness, difficulty breathing, atopy (personal or family history), WIDESPREAD WHEEZE ON AUSCULTATION, response to Rx
39
what is a wheeze
an expiratory noise
40
what happens if diagnosis of asthma unsure
watchful waiting, spirometry, Rx and evaluate
41
in flow volume rates what does flow show
how fast your breathing
42
describe the shape of an obstruction and restriction loop
obstruction- hard to breath out fast due to airway obstruction restriction- low volume of air exhaled
43
what are acute respiratory problems seen in older children
acute asthma, croup, childhood pneumonia, bronchiolitis,
44
describe acute asthma
cough and wheeze worsening over hours and days
45
how is acute asthma treated
oxygen, nebulised bronchodilator, oral prednisolone steroid,, IV salbutamol (bronchodilator), IV aminophylline (bronchodilator), IV magnesium ( smooth muscle relaxation), ventilatory support
46
what is an apnoea
pause in breathing up to 20 seconds
47
what is a bronchiolitis
viral infection, usually respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
48
what are the symptoms of bronchiolitis
tachypnoea, poor feeding, irritating cough, apnoea in small babies
49
what organisms cause pneumonia in neonates
GBS (group B streptococcal), E.coli, klebsiella, staph aureus
50
what organisms cause pneumonia in infants
strep. pneumoniae, chlamydia
51
what organisms cause pneumonia in school age children
strep. pneumoniae, staph. aureus, Gr A strep, bordetella, mycoplasma, legionella
52
what are the differential diagnosis of pneumonia
inhaled foreign body, laryngomalacia, epiglottitis and bacteria tracheitis, allergy, croup
53
what is croup
viral laryngotracheobronchitis (resp. infection)
54
what are the symptoms of croup
stridor, barking cough
55
how is croup treated
oral steroid to reduce inflammation

Respiratory (26 decks)

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