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Year 3 - Repro and Sexual Health > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Development of oocytes

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2
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

Growth of follicle (consisting of oocytes and support cells)

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3
Q

What is atresia?

A

Loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis-based process

Cell is resorbed following death

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4
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

Steroid hormones and gametes

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5
Q

What does the medulla of the ovary contain?

A

Loose connective tissue
Contorted arteries
Veins
Lymphatics

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6
Q

What does the cortex of the ovary contain?

A 
Scattered ovarian follicles
Tunica albuginea (highly cellular connective tissue)
Germinal epithelium (cuboidal cells)
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7
Q

What is the primordial follicle surrounded by?

A

Single layer of pre-granulosis cells

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8
Q

What changes developing from primordial follicle to early primary follicle?

A

Outer granulosis cells thicken

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9
Q

What changes developing from the early to late primary follicle?

A

Granulosis cells proliferate and lay down the zona pellucida

Layers split up and fill with fluid (becomes the antrum)

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10
Q

What is the layer on the outside of the late primary/secondary follicle called and what does it produce?

A

Theca layer

Produces pre-cursors of steroid which are converted to steroids by granulosa cells

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11
Q

Where does the oocyte attach to the mature Graafian follicle?

A

Cumulus oophorus

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12
Q

What does the antrum of the mature Graafian follicle contain?

A

Proteins

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13
Q

If the oocyte is released from the follicle what do the granulosa cells become?

A

Corona radiata

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14
Q

Before it develops into the corpus luteum what is the “burst” follicle known as?

A

Corpus haemorrhagicum

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15
Q

At age 20, approx. how many oocytes re-start meiosis per day compared to age 40?

A

15 compared to 1

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16
Q

At which phase do the oocytes stop dividing before birth and stay in this phase for up to decades?

A

Prophase 1

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17
Q

What occurs in the oocyte 1 day before ovulation?

A

Oocyte in the largest Graafian follicle with complete meiosis 1
Polar body produced will take the second, spare nucleus away

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18
Q

What do theca and granulosa cells secrete to prepare uterus for implantation?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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19
Q

What does the corpus luteum become if there is no implantation of oocyte?

A

Corpus albicans

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20
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

White coloured connective tissues which do not produce hormones

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21
Q

How is the corpus luteum preserved in the event of implantation?

A

Placenta secretes hCG to encourage corpus luteum production of gonadotrophin

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22
Q

Where is the ampulla?

A

The end of the uterine tubes

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23
Q

Where does fertilisation normally occur?

A

Ampulla

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24
Q

Which part of the uterine tube follows on from the ampulla?

A

Infundibulum

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25
Which part of the uterine tube follows on from the infundibulum?
Isthmus
26
Describe the lining of the isthmus of the uterine tube
Few cells thick | Secretory cells
27
What does the endometrium consist of?
Epithelium lined glands embedded in connective tissue stroma
28
What can the endometrium be split into?
Stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
29
Describe the role of the stratum basalis?
Reserve tissue which gives rise to the stratum functionalis
30
What is the myometrium made up of?
Collagen and elastic tissue
31
What is the perimetrium made up of?
Loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium
32
Which hormone causes the stroma to proliferate in the endometrium?
Oestrogen
33
What occurs in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Glands become coiled with corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen
34
What occurs during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?
Stratum functionalis arterioles contract Results in tissue breakdown SF sloughs off
35
Describe the composition of the cervix
Mostly fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium Transitions to mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
36
What is a Nabothian cyst?
Mucous filled cyst on the cervix Occur when stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix (toward the vagina) grows over the simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix (toward the uterus)
37
What are the four layers of the vagina?
Non-keratinised squamous epithelium Lamina propria Fibromuscular Adventitia
38
Describe the composition of the lamina propria of the vagina
Connective tissue Many elastic fibres Thin walled blood vessels
39
What is the role of glycogen during menstrual cycle?
Feeds commensal bacteria to inhibit growth of pathological bacteria
40
What is the mon pubis?
Area of skin containing highly oblique hair follicles | Over a fat pad over the pubic symphysis
41
What is the labia majora
Extensions of mons pubis that run laterally to the vagina
42
Why types of glands are found in the labia majora?
Apocrine sweat glands | Sebaceous glands
43
What is the labia minora?
Thick skin folds which lack subcut fat and hair follicles
44
What type of epithelium is found at the labia minora?
Keratinised epithelium
45
What is the clitoris?
Two tubes of highly erectile vascular tissue | Very sensitive
46
What covers the clitoris?
Fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin
47
What do the lobes in the breast consist of? (non-lactating)
Compound tubulo-acinar glands which drain via ducts to the nipple
48
How many lobes can be found in secretory breast tissue? (non-lactating)
15-25
49
What type of tissue is found adjacent to the secretory lobules of the breast? (non-lactating)
Dense fibrous tissue | septae produces lobules
50
Which muscle do the breasts sit immediately anterior to?
Pec major
51
What are the suspensory ligaments?
Thicker condensations of connective tissue which extend from the dermis of the skin to the fascia on the anterior chest wall
52
Why do some tumours cause puckering of the skin?
Put tension on the suspensory ligaments
53
What is the TDLU?
Terminal duct lobular unit | Basic functional secretory unit of the breast
54
What is found in the terminal duct lobular unit? (non-lactating)
Terminal ductules (acini) leading to intralobular collecting duct (this then leads to lactiferous duct)
55
What is the sinus produced by the lactiferous ducts termed?
Lactiferous sinus
56
Which cells line the acini?
Secretory epithelial cells (both cuboidal and columnar)
57
Which cells surround the secretory cells of the acini?
Myoepithelial cells
58
What surrounds the myoepithelial cells of the acini?
Basal lamina
59
Describe the epithelium of the nipple
Thin, highly pigmented keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
60
Describe the core of the nipple
Dense irregular connective tissue mixed with bundles of smooth muscle
61
What type of gland can be found in the nipple?
Sebaceous
62
What changes occur in the mammary gland during the luteal phase of menstruation?
Epithelial cells increase in height Lumina of the ducts enlarges Small amount of secretions appear in the ducts
63
What changes occur in the mammary gland during the first trimester?
Elongation and branching of the smaller ducts Proliferation of epithelial cells of glands Proliferation of myoepithelial cells
64
What changes occur in the mammary gland during second trimester?
Glandular tissue continues to develop with differentiation of secretory alveoli
65
What changes occur in the mammary gland during the third trimester?
Secretory alveoli grow | Development of rough endoplasmic reticulum
66
Which antibody is secreted in breast milk?
IgA
67
Which hormones cause the proliferation of secretory tissue in the breast?
Oestrogen and progesterone
68
Which cells are said to have a "clock face nucleus" ?
Plasma cells
69
Describe the composition of human milk?
``` 88% water 1.5% protein 7% carb 3.5% lipid Small quantities of ions, vitamins and IgA ```
70
Which proteins are found in breast milk?
Lactalbumin and casein
71
Which carbohydrate is mainly found in breast milk?
Lactose
72
Which two mechanisms are used in secretion of milk?
Apocrine and merocrine secretion
73
Describe apocrine secretion of breast milk lipids
Lipid droplets secreted surrounded by a small membrane which has a small amount of cytoplasm
74
Describe merocrine secretion (exocytosis) of breast milk proteins
Proteins made in rER Packaged in Golgi apparatus Secreted via vesicle to merge with apical membrane and release contents into ducts
75
What happens to the mammary glands following menopause?
TDLUs secretory cells degenerate Fewer fibroblasts in connective tissue Reduced collagen and elastic fibres

Year 3 - Repro and Sexual Health (23 decks)

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