Phoebe's Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

what type of cells have the most water

A

embryonic

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2
Q

features of eukaryotic cells

A

Outer membrane
Inner cystol
Cytoskeleton - determines shape and fluidity
Membrane bound organelles within the cystol

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3
Q

inner cytsol

A

solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbs

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4
Q

cytoskeleton

A

Determines fluidity and shape

Made up of filaments of actin and microtubules called tubulin

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5
Q

plasmalemma

A

cell membrane

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6
Q

mitochondira

A

site of respiration (energy production

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7
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

synthesis of proteins

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8
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

cholesterol and lipid synthesis

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9
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modification and packaging of secretions

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10
Q

lysosomes

A

release lytic enzymes

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11
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic code

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12
Q

where are ribosomes formed

A

nucleolus

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13
Q

occluding junctions (tight)

A

link cells to form a diffusion barrier, prevents diffusion

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14
Q

anchoring junctions

A

Provide mechanical strength

Cadherin molecules bind to each other in extracellular space and to actin of cytoskeleton

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15
Q

communicating junctions (gap)

A

allow movement of molecules between cells

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16
Q

endocytosis

A

membranes invaginates, fuses and newly made endocytotic vesicle buds into cell

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17
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicle buds out of cell

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18
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulfed to form phagosome, hydrolysed by lytic enzymes

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19
Q

haematoxylin

A

purple dye, affinity for acidic molecules

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20
Q

eosin

A

pink dye, affinity for alkaline

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21
Q

4 basic tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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22
Q

Epithelium

A

Covers all surfaces of body, lines hollow organs and forms glands
All have basal lamina
Non-vascular

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23
Q

Functions of epithelium

A 
Mechanical barrier
Chemical barrier
Absorption
Secretion
Containment
Locomotion
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24
Q

cell shape of epithelium

A

squamous - flattened
cuboidal - cube
columnar - tall and thin

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25
number of layers of epithelium
simpe - one layer stratified - 2 or more pseudostratified - tissue appears to have multiple layers
26
cell surface of epithelium
prominent microvilli cilia keratinised
27
glandular epithelia
``` endocrine = product secreted toward basal end of cell exocrine = secreted towards apical end of cell ```
28
connective tissue
forms framework of body, has a role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissues and energy storage
29
3 types of connective tissue
soft hard connective blood and lymph
30
soft connective tissue
Tendons, ligaments, mesentery, stroma, dermis of skin Loose Dense regular if fibres aligned Dense irregular if fibres run in many directions
31
hard connective tissue
Bone and cartilage
32
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline (articular surface, tracheal rings, costal cartilage, epiphyseal growth plates) Elastic Fibrocartilage
33
muscle
Specialised to generate force by contraction | Force is movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres
34
3 types of muscle
Smooth Skeletal Cardiac
35
smooth muscle
involuntary | non-striated
36
skeletal muscle
voluntary striated multi-nucleated
37
cardiac muscle
involuntary striated have intercalated discs contain many intracellular junctions to maintain integrity
38
nervous tissue
Consists of neurons and their supporting cells (gia) Control function and allow for rapid communication Surrounded by connective tissue coat: - Meninges in CNS - Epineurium in PNS
39
glia
Astroyctes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Schwann cells
40
astrocytes
support and ion transport
41
oligiodendrocytes
produce myelin
42
microglia
provide immune surveillance
43
schwann cells
produce myelin and support axons
44
3 major salivary glands
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual - Straited ducts aswell
45
Oesophagus to anal canal: 4 major layers
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Externa Serorsa/Adventitia
46
mucosa
3 parts: Epithelium - sits on basal lamina Lamina Propria - loose connective tissue Muscularis Mucosae - thin layer smooth muscle
47
submucosa
loose connective tissue
48
muscularis externa
2 thick layers of smooth muscle, inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
49
serosa
outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends digestive tract of attaches to other organs
50
protective mucosa
non-keratinesed stratified squamous epithelium
51
absorptive mucosa
simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands
52
secretory mucosa
simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands
53
enteric nervous system
digestive tracts own nervous sytem
54
liver organisation
Lobules Hexagonal Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery in corner to supply blood Central vein in middle draining to hepatic vein
55
pancreas organisation
``` Exocrine = pancreatic digestive enzymes Endocrine = islets of langerhan (produce insulin) ```
56
kidney organisation
thousands of nephrons
57
blood constiution
55% plasma | 45 % cells
58
red blood cells
no nucleus | life span of 4 months
59
White blood cells
``` Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes ```
60
3 layers of arteries
Inner to outer: 1. Tunica Intima 2. Tunica Media 3. Tunica Adventitia
61
tunica intima
endothelial cells
62
tunica media
smooth muscle
63
tunica adventitia
supporting connecting tissue
64
arteriole structure
1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media, almost no adventitia
65
capillary structure
``` Endothelial cells and basal lamina Have pericytes (connective tissue with contractile properties) ```
66
3 types of capillaries
continous - muscle, nerve, lung,skin fenestrated - have pores - gut mucosa, endocrine glands, kidney sinusoidal - larger gaps - liver spleen, bone marrow
67
venules structure
endothelium and pericytes
68
veins
tunica intima, tunica media and thick tunica adventitia
Phoebe's Principles
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