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ANATOMYY2S2 > histology of urinary system > Flashcards

histology of urinary system Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the shape of outer cortex?

A

granular in appearance

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2
Q

what does the outer cortex consist of?

A

Cortical arches

Renal columns

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3
Q

what is cortical arche ?

A

space between the base of the pyramids ( of the medulla ) and the surface of the kidneys

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4
Q

what does the cortical arch consists of ?

A

Medullary / cortical rays

plain convoluted part

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5
Q

describe medullary/ cortical rays?

A

rays that appear radiating from the pyramid

they are collecting tubules and collecting ducts

located in the CORTEX but heading towards medulla

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6
Q

describe plain convoluted part?

A

Consists of :

renal corpuscle

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Distal convoluted tubule ( DCT)

FOUND IN THE CORTEX

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7
Q

what is renal column?

A

area between the adjacent cortical arches

Extends into the medulla between 2 pyramids

Contain few/nil renal corpuscles ( like medullary arches-plain convoluted part ) + inter lobar vessels

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8
Q

describe blood vessel course inside the kidney parenchyma?

A

Renal artery enters the hilum

Breaks into segmental/lobar artery

Become interLOBAR as they head to the renal column ( renal column = interlobar )

Once it reaches the base of the pyramid it FORMS THE ARCUATE ARTERY

interLOBULAR arteries arise from arcuate

interlobular arteries give raise to AFFERENT arterioles

Branch into tuft of capillaries beds inside the glomerulus

join together again to form EFFERENT arterioles

as they go down and branch into capillaries around HENELES LOOP called —> VASA RECTA

renal artery —> segmental/lobular—-> interlobar —> arcuate —> interlobular —> afferent —> capillary bed —> efferent —> vasa recta

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9
Q

describe how the veins form inside the kidney?

A

Interlobular veins —> arcuate vein —> interlobar vein —> segmental/lobar vein —-> Renal vein

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10
Q

what is cortical glomerulus ?

A

glomerulus seen in the cortex

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11
Q

what juxtamedullary glomerulus?

A

Glomerulus seen between the base of the pyramid and the cortex

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12
Q

what is lobule of kidney?

A

area of cortical arch bounded on either side by :

Inter lobular Blood vessels

1 medullary ray in the center

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13
Q

what is the functional unit of kidney?

A

uriniferous tubules

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14
Q

what forms the functional unit of the kidneys ( uriniferous tubules )?

A

Nephrons

collecting duct

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15
Q

what forms a nephron?

A

renal corpuscle —> for filtration

Renal tubules —-> selective reabsorption and secretion

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16
Q

what forms a renal corpuscle ?

A

Glomerulus —> TUFT OF CAPILLARIES

Glomerular capsule —> bowmans capsule :

Has inner layer ( visceral layer ) and outer parietal layer

between them u have bowmans space

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17
Q

what type of cells is the bowmans capsule ?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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18
Q

what are the components of the renal tubules of the nephron ?

A

proximal convoluted tubule PCT

Loop of henle :

Thick of descending portion
Thin descending portion
thin ascending portion
thick ascending portion

Distal convoluted tubule ( DCT )

Collecting tubule

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19
Q

what happens to collecting tubules?

A

collecting tubules in the cortex join together to form portion of the COLLECTING DUCTS in the cortex

which is known as medullary rays ( cortical arch)

as you go down in them medulla , the collecting ducts become larger and wider —-> become ducts of bellini ( which is the other second part of the functional unit of kidney)

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20
Q

what are the parts of the functional unit found in the cortex?

A

Renal corpuscles

Proximal convoluted tubules ( MOST ABUNDUNAT )

Distal convoluted tubules

Medullary rays —> bundles of collecting tubules and ducts that radiates towards the medulla

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21
Q

what are the parts of the functional unit found in the renal medulla?

A

Loop of henle

Collecting ducts

Ducts of bellini ( collecting papillary ducts ) —> represent most distal portion of collecting duct

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22
Q

what is the area cribrosa?

A

area of the apex of the pyramid where the ducts of bellini opens

since the ducts open there, the area appears porous

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23
Q

what are 2 types of nephrons ?

A

based of the location of the renal corpuscles in the cortex?

Cortical nephrons —> 85% , located in cortex

Juxtamedullary nephrons —-> closer to renal medulla , loops of henle extends deep into renal pyramids

in cortical nephrons —> henles loop is short

in juxtamedullary nephrons —> henles loop is LONG

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24
Q

what are the components of renal corpuscle ?

A

Glomerulus

Bowmans space

Vascular pole

Urinary pole

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25
describe glomerulus?
Rounded structure formed of TUFT OF CAPILLARIES
26
describe bowmans space?
Narrow space surrounding the glomerulus
27
describe the vascular pole ??
afferent arterioles enters the corpuscle to supply the glomerulus
28
describe the urinary pole?
Substances which leave the capillaries to enter the RENAL TUBLE
29
what are the nucleus found in the glomerulus?
nucleus of 3 cells : Capillary endothelial cells Mesangeal cells of the supporting mesangium ---> ( cell between capillaries that are used for cushioning and support ) Podcytes ---> (cells on top of the capillaries that have spider like appearance ) WE HAVE RBCS IN THE GLOMERULUS BUT THEY DONT HAVE NUCLEIS
30
what are the nucleus found in lining of bowmans capsule ?
Flattened nulcei of the squamous cells
31
What are the components of glomerulus ?
Glomerular capillaries Mesangium Podocytes
32
describe glomerular capillaries ?
capillaries are fenestrated but the basement membrane of the endothelium is continuous May contain erythrocytes ( NO NUCLEUS) Have prominent basement membrane endothelial cells nuclei may bulge into capillary lumen
33
describe mesangium ?
Specialized connective tissue Mesangial cells Mesangial substance ---> densely stained extracellular substances provides support for the capillary loops
34
describe podocytes?
Invest the surface of the glomerular capillary loops exposed to bowmans space Have extensive branching cytoplasm
35
describe capillary endothelium ?
Fenestrated to permit the passage of all NON CELLULAR elements of blood
36
describe capillary basement membrane ?
Non fenestrated layer that act as glomerular ultra filter smaller molecules pass freely larger molecules are retained
37
describe podocytes?
Envelope the glomerular capillaries Long cytoplasmic primary processes give rise to short secondary foot processes ( PEDICLES ) which interdigitate and are directly applied to the glomerular basement membrane Slit pores -----> the gaps between the interdigitation ( pedicles ) ---> restrict the passage of large molecules Plasma from glomerular capillaries filtrates into bowmans space through : Capillary endothelium ----> basement membrane -----> slit pores of the podocytes Phagocytic function of the podocytes is REMOVE ANY LARGE MOLECULES WHICH BECOME TRAPPED IN OUTER LAYER OF THE FILTER Molecules trapped in the endothelial side are PHAGOCYTOSED BY MESENGIAL CELLS
38
where is the location proximal convoluted tubule ?
cortex LONGEST AND MOST CONVOLUTED PART OF THE NEPHRON ---> CONSTITUTES THE BULK OF RENAL CORTEX
39
what are the components of proximal convoluted tubule epithelial lining ?
Simple, tall cuboidal epithelium Prominent brush border --> increase the surface area of plasma membrane for reabsorption of glomerular filtrate Deeply stained cytoplasm : high content of organelles , principally mitochondria These reflect the re-absorptive function of PCT
40
what is the location of distal convoluted tubule ?
cortex
41
how to differentiate between PCT and DCT?
Absence of brush border LARGER MORE CLREARLY DEFINE LUMEN more nuclei are seen in transverse section since the cells of DCT are smaller than those of PCT less affinity to cytoplasmic stains due to smaller content of organelles Sections of DCT are much less frequent that sections of PCT since the DCT is a much shorter than PCT PCT --> irrugular lumen due to brush border, narrower lumen, not prominent due to bipolar staining DCT ---> smooth border, larger lumen, prominent well spaced nulcei
42
what is the location of loop of henle?
Mainly found in renal medulla some found in cortex
43
what type of cell is the thin segment of loop of henle?
Simple squamous epithelium
44
how do we differentiated between thin segment of loop of henle and vasa recta since both have simple squamous ?
by their : Regular , rounded shape when seen in transverse section Absence of erythrocytes
45
what type of cells is the thick segment of loop of henle?
low cuboidal epithelium Round in cross section no brush border found in loop of henle NEITHER THIN OR THICK
46
how do we differentiate bewteen PCT and thick segment since both have simple cuboidal?
PCT --> tall cuboidal , brush border Thick segment ---> low cuboidal , no brush border
47
describe collecting tubules?
Similar epithelial lining to the thick segment of the loop ( LOW CUBOIDAL ) WIDER AND LESS REGULAR DIAMETER THAN ASCENDING LIMB ( LOOP OF HENLE )
48
describe collecting ducts?
COLUMNAR ( TALL ) pale stained epithelial lining cytoplasm LARGE DIAMETER ABSENCE OF BRUSH BORDER
49
compare collecting ducts and collecting tubules?
Collecting duct ---> columnar lining, larger lumen collecting tubule ---> cuboidal lining, narrower lumen
50
What is the location of collecting ducts?
Medulla
51
what is the location of juxtaglomerular apparatus ?
rounded adjacent to the renal corpuscles and DISTAL CONVOLUATED TUBE
52
what are the type of cells found in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa juxtaglomerular cells + macula densa = juxtaglomerular apparatus
53
what are the juxtaglomerular cells?
Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arterioles in the vascular pole of renal corpuscle Contain SECRETORY GRANULES OF RENIN CELLS OF AFFERENT ARTERIOLE THAT TOUCH DCT undergo changes ---> juxtaglomerular cells
54
what are macula densa?
Modified DCT CELLS taller cells with more prominent nuclei towards luminal surface cells of DCT that touches arteriole under goes changes ---> macula densa
55
what is the function of juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Regulation of systemic blood pressure via renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism
56
describe the urinary tract course?
Minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder Urethra
57
which part of the excretory passage that doesnt have the same general structures?
urethra all of them have transitional epithelium except urethra mucosa muscularis adventitia/serosa
58
describe the mucosa of urinary tract epithelium ?
LINED by transitional epithelium ( UROTHELIUM ) Stratified epithelium : Begins in the minor calyces as two cell layer and increases as many as six tor more layers in the empty bladder DISTENSIBLE : When relaxed --> surface epithelial cells are cuboidal and bulge into lumen ( Dome shaped cells ) ---> interdigitating cell junctions permit great distention of the epithelium without damage to the surface integrity Impermeable : Doesnt modify urine but it is specialized for its storage and passage to the exterior , thick plasma membrane
59
what is ureter?
transport the urine from the kidney to the bladder stellate lumen ---> STAR SHAPED
60
how does the rune flow through ureter?
peristalsis can pump urine from the kidney into bladder only at relatively low means rate of urine of flow is low under these circumstances isolated boluses of urine are propelled steadily through ureter ( assumed uniform ) by contraction waves
61
describe the mucosa of ureter?
start shaped lumen due to folding transitional epithelium lamina propria --> firboelastic connective tissues
62
describe the muscularis layer of ureter?
INNER LONGITUDINAL OUTER CIRCULAR opposite to GIT in the distal part of the ureter We have a third outer layer ---> longitudinal layer peristaltic contractions ---> these contractions create the folding of the mucosa --> Star shapes )
63
describe the adventitia of urter?
loose connective tissue containing blood vessels , lymphatic and nerves
64
what the difference between urinary bladder and ureter?
structures of the wall similar to ureter lamina propria may contain mucous glands at the neck of the bladder 3 ill defined layer of smooth muscles ---> detrusor muscles Inner longitudinal , middle circular ( INTERNAL SPHINCTER ) , outer longitudinal Serosa or adventitia
65
describe the mucosa of urinary bladder?
Transitional epithelium thrown into folds in relaxed states lamina propria
66
describe the muscularis of urinary bladder?
smooth muscles irregularly arranged into layers Irregular arrangement allows mass contraction ---> EMPTYING BUT NO PERISTALSIS
67
describe the epithelium of urethra?
starts off as transitional cells as it exit the bladder Along the urethra ---> stratified columnar cells Stratified squamous cells ----> near the external urethral orifice Gradual changes transitional epithelial --> stratified columnar ---> stratified squamous
68
what lines the prostatic urethra?
transitional epithelium
69
what surrounds the prostatic urethra?
Prostate glands which contain : Tubulo alveolar Alveoli are wid, irregular , epithelial folds Contain : Secretory product Lamellated glycoprotein masses ( corpora amylacea CA ) with increasing age Prostatic concretion : CALCIFICATION OF CORPORA AMYLECAE
70
describe the fibromuscular stroma?
Dense collagen Fibroblast irregularly arranged smooth muscle fibers

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