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ANATOMYY2S2 > histology of upper GIT ( W1) > Flashcards

histology of upper GIT ( W1) Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

what is the basic structure of digestive tract ?

A

Hollow tube of varying diameter

wall made up of 4 layers :

Mucosa ( inner )

submucosa

muscularis externa

serosa/adventita

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2
Q

what is the mucosa epithelial lining of the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous NON KERATINIZED epithelium

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3
Q

what is the mucosa epithelial lining of the stomach to the colon?

A

Simple columnar

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4
Q

what is the mucosa epithelial lining of the anal canal and rectum?

A

Stratified squamous KERTINIZED

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5
Q

what is the content of lamina propria of the mucosa?

A

Collagen

Reticular fibers

Blood vessels

nerve ending

glands

Mucosa associated lymph tissue ( MALT)—> monitor and produce an immune response to pathogens passing with food through GI tract

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6
Q

what is the contents of muscularis mucosa MM?

A

Very thin smooth muscle which cause local folding of the mucosal layer

Inner —> circular

Outer —> longitudinal

it extends to the mucosa but not villi ( it stays behind the mucosa )

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7
Q

when is the outermost layer serosa and when it is adventitia ?

A

if organ is intra - peritoneal —> serosa ( simple squamous ) like transverse colon

If organ is retroperitoneal —> adventitia ( loose connective tissue and nerves ) like ascending and descending colon

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8
Q

what is the order of organization of plica/villi/microvilli in small intestine ?

A

one pilca circularis has many villi projecting from it

the villi is covered by columnar cells

columnar cells has projections called microvilli

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9
Q

what is the content of submucosa?

A

loose areolar connective tissue

Elastic fibers

blood vessels

lymphatic vessels

contain glands in the esophagus and duodenum ( brunners gland )

Submucosal plexus —> meissners plexus

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10
Q

where are parasympathetic ganglia concentrated in GIT tract?

A

the walls

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11
Q

what is the function of meissners plexus?

A

induce peristalsis

stimulates mucosal glands

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12
Q

what is the plexus found in the two layers of muscularis externa ? ( circular and longitudinal )

A

myenteric plexus/ auerbach plexus

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13
Q

which fibers supply the surrounding smooth muscles of muscularis externa?

A

Postganglionic fibers

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14
Q

what are sphincters in muscularis externa?

A

some areas have thicker smooth muscles

circular muscles open and closes the opening

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15
Q

what is special about muscularis externa in the stomach?

A

It has an extra inner OBLIQUE layer

So

outer : longitudinal

Inner : circular

innermost : oblique

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16
Q

describe the adventitia and serosa?

A

Adventitia : in retroperitoneal organs : consist of only loose connective tissue

Serosa : in intra- peritoneal organs :

mesothelial lining —> simple squamous / peritoneum

over a layer of loose connective tissue secretes slippery fluid

plenty of adipose tissue

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17
Q

what is the function of epithelium?

A

permeability barrier between gut lumen and blood

Transport and digest food

secretion of enzymes

absorb nutrients

Produce and secrete hormones involved in digestion

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18
Q

what are mucosal forms in GIT?

A

protective

Secretory

Absorptive

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19
Q

where is protective mucosa found ?

A

oral cavity

pharynx

Esophagus

anal canal

it is stratified squamous surface epithelium

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20
Q

where is the secretory mucosa found ?

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A

stomach

tubular glands are present in the mucosa

21
Q

where is the absorptive mucosa found ?

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A

small intestines

contain :

villi

glands in the crypts ( crypts are space between the villi )

in duodenum some crypts extend through the muscularis mucosa to form submucosal mucous glands called brunners gland

22
Q

what are the features of esophagus mucosa and submucosa?

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A

folded mucosa which disappear when distended

Folded mucosa

23
Q

what epithelium is the esophagus?

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A

stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium

24
Q

what is found in the lamina propria of esophagus?

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A

Papillae

mucous glands —> plenty near junction with the stomach to protect from acidity

25
describe the muscularis mucosa of esophagus ?
Poorly developed in the upper parts well developed in caudal/lower parts
26
what is present in submucosa of esophagus?
compound tubulo - alveolar mucous gland Which are also found in duodenum
27
describe the muscularis externa?
Upper esophagus : only skeletal muscle Middle esophagus : Mixture of skeletal and smooth muscles Lower esophagus : Smooth muscles
28
describe the adventitia of esophagus?
adventitia surrounds the entire esophagus except the abdominal part the abdominal part when it enters the diaphragm it becomes surrounded by peritoneum ---> Serosa
29
what happens the gastro-esophageal junction ?
Abrupt transition of mucosa Stratified squamous ---> glandular secretory mucosa simple columnar cells The muscularis mucosa and submucosa and muscularis externa continue uninterrupted beneath the mucosal junction so they stay the same
30
what sphincter does the muscularis externa form ?
a physiological sphincter not anatomical there's no thickening
31
describe the interior of the stomach?
in non distended state , the stomach mucosa is thrown into prominent longitudinal folds called RUGAE which permit great distension after eating Mucosa show tiny grooves ---> gastric pits Gastric glands open into the bottom of the gastric pits
32
what happens at the gastroduodenal junction ?
the pylorus terminate to form a strong muscular ANATOMICAL SPHINCTER
33
describe the epithelium of the mucosa of the stomach?
Surface mucus cells / simple columnar cells ---> invaginates into lamina propria forming GASTRIC PITS NO GOBLET CELLS Gastric glands are found at the base of pits Cardiac, gastric and pyloric glands differ cardiac --> Coiled mucous glands gastric ---> straight glands Pyloric glands ---> coiled mucous glands
34
what is the content of lamina propria of the mucosa of stomach?
loose connective tissue Smooth muscle lymphocytes gastric glands open to the gastric pit
35
what is the content of muscularis mucosa of the stomach?
inner circular outer longitudinal
36
describe gastric pits and glands?
simple columnar epithelium of mucous cells oval nucleus basal Many mucous granules in apical cytoplasm mucous layer protects stomach epithelium from acid BUT IT IS NOT FROM GOBLET CELLS IT IS FROM SURFACE MUCOUS CELLS
37
Describe the gastric glands of cardiac region ?
simple or branched tubular cardiac glands WITH LARGE LUMEN AT TERMINUS open into gastric pits Shallow --> mostly mucous cells and few parietal cells --> poorly developed glands often has esophagus attached
38
describe the gastric pit of the fundus/body?
Gastric pits = narrow and shallow Glands long and straight ( Well developed) many parietal and chief cells Neck of gland : has undifferentiated cells and mucous cells Base of gland : have parietal cells and chief cells and enterochromaffin cells
39
what are the glands of the funuds?
undifferentiated cells /stem cells mucous neck cells parietal / oxyntic cells ECL/enterochromaffin cells Chief cells
40
describe the undifferentiated cells /stem cells?
Neck of gland oval basal nuclei distinct nucleolus mitotic Stem cells Surface cells survive for 3-7 days
41
describe mucous neck cells?
Low columnar basal nuclei irregular Mucous granules Secrete mucous
42
describe parietal/oxyntic cells?
Large pyramidal cells with acidophilic cytoplasm Secrete HCL and gastric intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ilium which is essential for erythropoiesis situated in the upper half of gland many mitochondria Eosinophilic intercellular canaliculi
43
describe ECL/ Enterochromaffin cells?
seen near base of glands secrete histamine
44
describe chief cells?
deeper glands basophilic ribosomes Secrete pepsinogen
45
describe pylorus glands and pits?
deep and open gastric pits short coiled glands NO CHIEF CELLS mucous cells : to protect duodenum from acid few parietal cells Neuroendocrine cells ( G cells ) which secrete gastrin
46
describe muscularis externa of the stomach?
3 layers Innermost : oblique Inner : circular Outer : longitudinal
47
describe the serosa of the stomach?
thin layer of adventitia without covering of mesothelium
48
what transition to the mucosa happen at pyloric sphincter?
From glandular arrangement of the stomach ------> villous arrangement which is a characteristics of small intestines The duodenum is distinguished by mucus secreting glands ( brunners gland ) which are found in the submucosa ) + goblet cells ( no goblet in stomach ) + villi + microvilli
49
describe the muscularis externa of the pyloric sphincter in the gastroduodenal junction?
Consist of marked thickening of CIRCULAR layer of the muscularis externa also has goblet cells and villi and microvilli

ANATOMYY2S2 (21 decks)

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