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development of urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

from where does the urinary system develop?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

describe the stages of development of urinary system?

A

3 stages

appear in succession

caudal to the proceeding one in position and after it in time

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3
Q

what are 3 stages of development of urinary system?

A

Pronephros ( fore kidney )

Mesonephros

Metanephros —–> permanent kidney

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4
Q

when does the pronephros start?

A

beginning of 4th week

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5
Q

describe pronephros ?

A

functionless transitory structure

PERMANENT kidney in some fishes

about 5-7 pairs of horizontally arranged segments ( NEPHROTOMES )

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6
Q

where do pronephrons appear?

A

opposite to the cervical segments

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7
Q

what are the components of pronephros ?

A

each pronephric tubule has 2 ends

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8
Q

describe the first end?

A

Open into the :

Intraembyronic coelom and is invaginated by small branches of the dorsal aorta forming internal and external renal corpuscles

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9
Q

describe the other end?

A

bends caudally and all of them unit together and become canalized to form longitudinal duct called PRONEPHRIC DUCT

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10
Q

what is the fate of pronephric tubules?

A

disappear at the end of 4th week of development

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11
Q

whats the fate of pronephric duct?

A

grows :

Caudally beyond the level of the tubules

until it opens into the CLOACA and receive the openings of mesonephric tubules and BECOME MESONEPHRIC DUCT

SO: mesonephric tubules + pronephric duct = mesonephric duct

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12
Q

what is the main purpose of pronephros ?

A

only function is to form the mesonephric duct for the next stage —> MESONEPHROS

hence the structure of pronephros are temporary functionless structures

no secretion of urine at this stage

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13
Q

what is mesonephrons?

A

second kidney to appear at 4th week ( the tubules disappear at 4th week )

Temporary functioning structure

it is the stage as where the kidneys start functioning and produce urine

(AKA MIDKIDNEY )

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14
Q

describe the development of mesonephros ?

A

masses of cells called MESONEPHRIC MASSES

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15
Q

where do the mesonephric masses appear at?

A

opposite the thoracic region

L3

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16
Q

what happens to the mesonephric masses ?

A

in wollfian body stage

the masses become HOLLOWED INTO VESICLES

ELONGATE to form tubule and BEND TO BE S SHAPE

and has lateral end and medial end

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17
Q

what happens to lateral end of the mesonephric tubule in S shape?

A

joins the mesonephric duct

( continuation of the pronephric duct in the previous stage after the cloaces )

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18
Q

what happens to the medial end of the mesonephric tubule ?

A

Becomes invaginated by blood capillaries to form renal corpuscles

( bowman capsule )

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19
Q

what is the function of mesonephros?

A

permanent kidney of amphibians

in human;

mesonephros may function and produce small amount of urine between the :

6th and 10th weeks

the duct contribute to the formation of the duct system in both males and females but they play more in significate role in males

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20
Q

what does the mesonephric structure give rise to in MALES?

A

Vasa efferentia

Vas deferens

Seminal vesicles

Ejaculatory duct

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21
Q

what does the mesonephric structure give rise to in females?

A

Largely regress leaving behind :

Epoophoron

Paraophoron

both located near the ovary

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22
Q

what happens the to the mesonephros ?

A

degenerate by the end of 10th week

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23
Q

what is metanephrons ?

A

HIND KINDEYS

permanent kidney

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24
Q

when does the metanephros appear?

A

end at the 4th weeks

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25
what is the origin of the metanephros ( HIND KIDNEY )?
Ureteric bud --> Give rise to collecting system Metanephric cap ----> give rise to excretory unit
26
where does ureteric bud come from?
Distal end of mesonephric duct close to THE CLOACA ( where the pronephric become mesonephric duct ) appear as diverticulum elongate up through the intermediate mesoderm
27
what happens to ureteric bud ?
Upper end dilates to form : PELVIS OF THE URETER Proximal part ---> GREATER PART forms URETER
28
What happens to the pelvis of the ureter from upper end of ureteric bud?
divide into 2 or 3 MAJOR calyces then to : Minor calyces Minor calyces which branch into a great number of collecting TUBULES
29
where does the ureteric bud opens into?
Ureter originally opens into : Mesonephric duct (end of 1st stage ) BUT AT LATER STAGE : the lower part of mesonephric duct becomes absorbed into the wall of the developing urinary bladder So due to that the ureter will open directly into urinary bladder
30
what gives rise to the trigone region?
part of mesonephric duct that get absorbed into the cloaca
31
what is the origin of the urinary bladder ?
primarily derived from the endoderm EXCEPT THE TRIGONE FROM THE INTERMEDIATE MESODERM
32
what is the origin of metanephric cap?
Mesoderm of the metanephros surrounds the upper part of the ureteric bud
33
what happens to the metanephric cap?
Segmented into cell clusters in relation to the termination of collecting tubules These cell clusters change into VESICLES KNOWN AS RENAL VESICLES
34
what happens to the renal vesicles (From the cap )?
elongate greatly to form different part of the nephron which : Bowmans capsule Proximal convoluted tubules Loop of henle Distal convoluted tubules
35
what happens to the distal convoluted tubule?
Joins the nearest collecting tubule together to form a complete uriniferous tubules
36
what is the first location of the kidney?
sacral region
37
why does the kidney ascend to the lumbar region ?
Growth of the body in the lumbar and sacral regions Straightening of the body curvature Differential growth of the surrounding organs
38
why is the right kidney slightly lower than left?
large size of the right lobe of the liver
39
what is the blood supply of kidney during development ?
Nearest artery as it ascend : Median sacral internal iliac common iliac FINALLY : renal artery develops at the 2nd lumbar vertebra
40
Describe lobulation of the kidney?
fetal kidney is lobulated this lobulation disappear before birth if persist its considered congenital
41
describe the rotation of the kidney?
At first : Hilum is anteriorly Then : Kidney rotate 90 degree MEDIALLY so hilum be medially
42
Describe agenesis of the kidney?
Due to failure of the uretic bud (no bud = no cap ) or failure of development of nephrogenic ridge Unilateral renal agenesis : No specific symptoms because the other kidney undergo hypertrophy to compensate Bilateral renal agenesis : 2 kidneys are absent Ureters either wholly or partially absent Trigone is poorly formed incompatible with postnatal life
43
Whats associated with agenesis of the kidney?
Oligohydramnios because little or no urine is excreted into amniotic fluid ( cuz no kidney = no urine = little fluid )
44
what is supernumerary kidney and what causes it?
multiple kidneys Due to : Early splitting of the ureteric bud Branching from the initial ureteric bud Theres more than one kidney in one or both sides additional kidney is normal in shape and caudal to the dominant one
45
what causes simple renal ectopia ?
abnormal site of kidney Defective development of METANEPHRIC CAP Failure of metanephric cap to induce the ascent
46
what is pelvic kidney?
kidney located opposite to the sacrum below the aortic bifurcation
47
what is lumbar kidney?
kidney in ILIAC FOSSA opposite to the sacral promontry
48
what is abdominal kidney?
Above iliac crest opposite to 2nd lumbar vertebrae ( L2 )
49
what is horse shoe kidney?
abnormal in formation and fusion of kidney The lower poles of both kidneys are connected together by ISTHMUS usually renal tissue may pass in front of the aorta and IVC Hilum usually faces anteriorly ( no rotation ) PRODUCE NO SYMPTOMS AS THE COLLECTING SYSTEM DEVELOPS NORMALLY
50
what prevents the ascent of horse shoe kidney?
arrested by origin of inferior mesenteric artery At L3 So the horse show is at L3
51
describe anomalies in rotation ?
Non rotation : hilum is anteriorly Incomplete rotation : HILUM is anteromedially Reverse rotation : hilum is directed antero laterally
52
what causes renal hypoplasia ?
Incomplete development and differentiation of ureteric bud kidney are small in one or both sides
53
what is polycystic kidney?
multiple cysts in the kidney due to accumulation of urine in convoluted tubules results in formation of retention of cysts results in normal nephrons being compressed by cysts 3 TYPES : congenital polycystic kidney adult polycystic kidney solitary cyst of kidney
54
what causes congenital polycystic kidney?
hereditary causes
55
what causes adult polycystic kidney?
failure of connection between collecting and excretory tubules
56
what is multiple renal arteries ?
anomaly of renal vascular the kidneys are supplied by multiple arteries due to failure of degeneration of primitive arterial supply could be median sacral artery internal iliac artery Common iliac artery
57
what is accessory renal artery?
two or more arterial branches supplying the same renal segment
58
what causes ureteral agenesis ?
Due to complete failure of ureteral bud development occurs with bilateral renal agenesis no kidney = no ureter
59
what causes duplication of the ureter ?
Premature division of ureter bud MOST COMMON URTERAL ANOMALY its hereditary autosomal dominant trait shows : Double pelvis of ureter ( due to premature division of ureteric bud near the termination - upper end ) Bifid ureter ( Partial duplication ) : Double pevlis and double ureter open through a common orifice into urinary bladder Double ureter ( complete duplication ) : Development of 2 ureteric buds from single mesonephric duct , two ureters open independently into the bladder Orifice of the lower uterer occupies more cranial and lateral position and that of upper ureter
60
what is ectopic ureteric orifice ?
second ureteric bud arising from the as ingle mesonephric duct near its termination In males : additional ureter may into the bladder , PROSTATIC URETHRA, EJACULATORY DUCT in females : Additional ureter may opens into the urethra or even vagina
61
what is retrocaval / retroiliac ureter?
development disorder of inferior vena cava the right ureter TRACES OUT AN S at the level OF L4 behind the THE VENA CAVA ( Retrocaval ) in similar fashion the ureter can also run behind the common iliac artery at the level of L5 ( retero iliac ureter ) can suffer from renal obstruction due ureteric obstruction in cases of INCEASED VENOUS RETURN
62
what causes anomalies of structure of ureter?
Varying degrees of failure of ureteral bud development and canalization 1- MEGA URETER : CAUSES BY OBSTRUCTION OF RENAL FLOW 2- Atresia and hypoplasia : the ureter has developed proximally and can end blinding distally 3- Ureteral stenosis and stricture 4- folds of the ureters 5- Ureteral valves 6- Ureteral diverticula

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