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History and Systems Deck1 Flashcards

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2
Q

Spearman’s Model

A

“2 Factor Model”; A primary “g” factor along with many specific abilities; Factor analysis of Wechsler consistent

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3
Q

Anna Freud (1936)

A

“Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense”- Taxonomy of defense mechanisms understanding them as adaptive ways to manage anxiety

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4
Q

Freud on Resistance

A

“Resistance” is the employment of defenses when ego is confronted with dangerous ideas; for Freud the evidence of the centrality of repression.

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5
Q

Psychodynamic Family Tree?

A

3 Paths; P1:Freud’s Structural Model->Ego Psychology(A. Freud; Hartmann;Erikson); P2:Freud Drive Theory->Object-Relations(Winnicott; Klein)->Self-Psychology(Kohut); P3:O-R->Attachment

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6
Q

Blagys & Hilsenroth (2000)

A

7 Features of Psychodynamic- 1)Affect Focus 2)Explore avoidance; 3)ID Themes/Patterns; 4)Developmental; 5/6)Interpersonal/Therapy Relationships; 7)Wishes/Fantasies

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7
Q

Attributional Reformulation of Learned Helplessness

A

Abramson et al (1978)- have internal/stable/global explanatory style for negative events

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8
Q

What is the main method of Beck’s CBT?

A

Access/identify maladaptive cognitions/schemas then test them against reality (“collaborative empiricism”)

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9
Q

Ellis cognitive model

A

Activating Event -> Beliefs -> Consequences(Emotional/Behavioral)

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10
Q

Cite: Meta-analysis of component/dismantling studies which finds that the theoretically critical components waver around zero

A

Ahn & Wampold (2001)

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11
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Model

A

Analytic Intelligence (what’s currently measured); Experiential/Creative (fludity; novel solutions; automatic knowledge); Contextual/Practical (ability to adapt to life and select from multiple solutions)

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12
Q

Taxonomy of defense mechanisms understanding them as adaptive ways to manage anxiety

A

Anna Freud (1936)- “Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense”-

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13
Q

Neisser et al (1996)

A

APA’s dispassionate summary of the research literature so far

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14
Q

Sternberg (2005)

A

Assessment of intelligences should be done by measuring encounters with novel challenges; the acquisition of insights; Observing metacomponents;

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15
Q

Treatment motivation in Rogerian Model

A

Assumption of an actualizing tendency- Client will be engaged in therapy when experiencing change/possibility for growth/healing

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16
Q

Jacobson et al (1996)

A

BA therapy AS EFFECTIVE as CBT; calls into question the cognitive restructuring value of CBT

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17
Q

What is the CBT approach to SUDs?

A

Behavioral- Adjust reinforcement contingencies (token economies/lottery very useful in rehab); Naltroxone/Methadone fits model; Cognitive- Beliefs about relapse; Challenge beliefs about “hopelessness”

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18
Q

Cite:7 Features of Psychodynamic- 1)Affect Focus 2)Explore avoidance; 3)ID Themes/Patterns; 4)Developmental; 5/6)Interpersonal/Therapy Relationships; 7)Wishes/Fantasies

A

Blagys & Hilsenroth (2000)

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19
Q

Garb et al (2002)

A

Caution for Projectives: Rorschach Norms overpathologize; Overly sensitive when detecting child abuse

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20
Q

Meyer et al (2012)

A

Clinicians make highly reliable interpretations of Rorschach ratings when they are item-based; less reliable when Q-sort (integrating info?)

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21
Q

Cognitive View of Self

A

Cognitions can be automatic; Behaviors can be reinforced; but SELF is metacognitive (can rationally dispute/explore otherwise automatic things)

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22
Q

Seligman (1995)

A

Consumer Reports- Longterm therapy better than short-term; Type of therapist/type of therapy irrelevant

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23
Q

Wampold et al (1997)

A

Dodo bird study- Effect sizes of all treatment comparisons are distributed evenly around 0

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24
Q

Freud (1923)

A

Ego & Id- Structural model of Ego as emerging from Id meeting reality;

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25
Q

Theories influenced by Organismic Perspectives

A

Ego psychology (including Freud’s own Ego models); Winnicott; Rogers/Maslow’s notion of self-actualization/structuring; Bowlby’s “attachment system”

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26
Freud on Treatment Motivation
Ego's synthetic function; Libidinal energies attached to therapist; transferential desire to improve/impress
27
What are the 4 principles of MI?
Empathy; Roll with Resistance; Develop Discrepancy; Stay on Change Talk
28
Resistance in Rogerian Model
Existential Choice- When you are congruent in your communication you risk conditional regard/rejection/threat
29
Cite: Structural model of Ego as emerging from Id meeting reality;
Freud (1923)- Ego & Id-
30
Theories influenced by Mechanism
Freud's psychoanalysis (Physical metaphor of libidinal energies; Economic model; Influence through Helmholtz); Watson's behaviorism;
31
Cite: Caution for projectives: Norms overpathologize; Overly sensitive when detecting child abuse
Garb et al (2002)
32
Future of Rorschach?
Groth-Marnat- Pare down codes (especially ones that are less supported)
33
Thurstone
Hierarchical model of intelligence- Primary mental abilities (VC; associative memory; inductive reasoning; processing speed)
34
Strengths of Efficacy Trials
High internal validity; Clear causality;
35
Cite: BA therapy AS EFFECTIVE as CBT; calls into question the cognitive restructuring value of CBT
Jacobson et al (1996)
36
Psychodynamic views of self
Kohut's Self-psychology (Self is representation; Has relational needs); Winnicott- self integrated through mother's holding/recognized as separate thru empathic failures; Freud- Development of Ego when Id encounters reality
37
Sahly et al (2012)
Majority of CS variables have EXCELLENT interrater reliability
38
Cite: Recast "projective" tests as "performance based" tests; Fit with other performance tasks like IQ assessments & implicit measures
McGrath (2008)
39
Ahn & Wampold (2001)
Meta-analysis of component/dismantling studies which finds that the theoretically critical components waver around zero
40
Cite: Clinicians make highly reliable interpretations of Rorschach ratings when they are item-based; less reliable when Q-sort (integrating info?)
Meyer et al (2012)
41
Kohut's Needs
Mirroring Need; Idealizing Need; Twinship Need (Later development)<- All about the Self in relationship to others
42
Viglione&Hilsenroth(2001)
MMPI-2 & Rorschach both have incremental value over one another for predicting: Treatment outcome; Thought disorder; suicidality; Personality Disorders
43
What is the MI approach to SUDs?
Motivational Enhancement Therapy- Manualized 4-session treatment built on MI principles; Develop discepancies to address ambiguous motivations/feelings; Emphasize rolling with resistance
44
Gardner (1998)
Multiple Intelligence Theory- Includes linguist/music/logic-math/spatial/bodily/interpers/intrapers
45
Constricted Dasein
Narrow illumination of one's worlds; Failing to engage in broader horizons/possibilites (But avoiding anxiety of regret and freedom)
46
Rogers (1957)
Necessary&Sufficient Conditions of Change- 1)In a relationship; 2) Client incongruent/anxious; 3) Therapist congruent IN RELATIONSHIP; 4) Unconditional Regard; 5) Therapist EMPATHY for client; 6) Client notices 3&4
47
Cite: APA's dispassionate summary of the research literature so far
Neisser et al (1996)
48
Theories influenced by Existentialism/Freedom
Nondeterminism in Rogers/Maslow; Yalom's existential therapy; Metacognitive work in Beck reflects Existentialism's "Reflective Capacity" (but would Beck see the connection?)
49
Ego's Synthetic Function
Powered by Eros: Ego integrates and unifies inner id-world experiences and external experiences into a cogent whole;
50
REBT
Ratio-Emotive Behavior Therapy- replace ABCs with Disputing for Effectively new beliefs
51
McGrath (2008)
Recast "projective" tests as "performance based" tests; Fit with other performance tasks like IQ assessments & implicit measures
52
What defense mechanisms are related to "resistance" in therapy?
Repression-Push down desires (countercathexis); Denial- Shut threatening material out of consciousness (primitive!); Isolation-repression of affect associated with threat
53
Define: Translational Research
research addressing how basic behavioral processes inform the diagnosis/prevention/treatment for mental illness (and vice versa)
54
Shedler (2010)
Review of efficacy studies: psychodynamic treatments just as good as "evidence based" treatments; Stronger effects over longer time (Less relapse; possibly CONTINUE growing?); Wider/more general outcomes favor psychodynamic
55
Necessary&Sufficient Conditions of Change
Rogers (1957)
56
Intrapersonal Congruence
Rogers measure of how much an individual's organismic experience is integrated with self-representation; Experience needs to be symbolized and integrated into self-structure to achieve congruence
57
Interpersonal Congruence
Rogers' measure of how much of what we communicate to others is consistent with our own awareness
58
Cite: Majority of CS variables have EXCELLENT interrater reliability
Sahly et al (2012)
59
Mindfulness & Self
Self is separate from experience; Can maintain open/receptive
60
Cite: Consumer Reports- Longterm therapy better than short-term; Type of therapist/type of therapy irrelevant
Seligman (1995)
61
Weaknesses of Efficacy Trials
Seligman-Random assign doesn't match real world therapy selection; Nathan etal(2000)- Manualized doesn't represent practice; Removal of too many patients
62
Cite: Review of efficacy studies: psychodynamic treatments just as good as "evidence based" treatments; Stronger effects over longer time (Less relapse; possibly CONTINUE growing?); Wider/more general outcomes favor psychodynamic
Shedler (2010)
63
Mindfulness
State of open & receptive awareness; Even hovering over experience as presented
64
What is change talk?
Staying talking about change: How would you; Why would you?; Other changes you've successfully made (self-efficacy!); Explore multiple ways to change/directions
65
Cite: Assessment of intelligences should be done by measuring encounters with novel challenges; the acquisition of insights; Observing metacomponents;
Sternberg (2005)
66
Exposure vs. Systematic Desensitization
Systematic desensitization techniques suggest exposure might be the active ingredient
67
Common Factors in Therapy
Therapeutic alliance; Some Exposure Component/Confronting Problems; Therapist Allegiance; Client experience of Mastery/Self-Efficacy;
68
Purposive Behaviorism
Tolman: Notion that behaviors are molar& defined by their goals; S->R is mediated by intervening variables (cognitions?)
69
History of Cognitive Revolution?
Tolman: Purposive Behaviorism->Rotter/Bandura: Social Learning Theory->Beck/Ellis
70
What are the 4 WAIS factors?
Verbal Comprehension; Perceptual Reasoning; Working Memory; Processing Speed
71
Cite: MMPI-2 & Rorschach both have incremental value over one another for predicting: Treatment outcome; Thought disorder; suicidality; Personality Disorders
Viglione&Hilsenroth(2001)
72
Cite: Dodo bird study- Effect sizes of all treatment comparisons are distributed evenly around 0
Wampold et al (1997)
73
What does it mean to "Roll with Resistance"
When resistant statements are given: Therapist uses "momentum" and explores/takes active interest in resistance
74
Future of MMPI-II?
Scales becoming more and more outdated; BIGGEST wealth of supporting research
75
Aklin & Turner (2006)
Clinical interviews need to be delivered with cultural sensitivity; structured better than unstructured; Keep in mind "resistance" in minorities might mean something very different
76
Cite: Clinical interviews need to be delivered with cultural sensitivity; structured better than unstructured; Keep in mind "resistance" in minorities might mean something very different
Aklin & Turner (2006)
77
Arbisi et al (2002)
MMPI2 slightly UNDERPREDICTS psychopathology in AA samples but not in a cinically significant way
78
Cite: MMPI2 slightly UNDERPREDICTS psychopathology in AA samples but not in a cinically significant way
Arbisi et al (2002)
79
Lindsey (1998)
"Culturally competent" assessment is an invalid idea; Instead: We are measuring folks against a different norm-group; Important to master culturally relevant constructs
80
Cite: "Culturally competent" assessment is an invalid idea; Instead: We are measuring folks against a different norm-group; Important to master culturally relevant constructs
Lindsey (1998)
81
Moreland (1996)
Universal vs. "Culturally sensitive;" We need to make measures that are functionally/predictively "equivalent" across groups; Projectives are especially bad with this.
82
Cite: Universal vs. "Culturally sensitive;" We need to make measures that are functionally/predictively "equivalent" across groups; Projectives are especially bad with this.
Moreland (1996)
83
Rushton & Jensen (2005)
Advances the "Hereditarian" position that racial differences in IQ tests are rooted in generalized genetic differences
84
Cite: Advances the "Hereditarian" position that racial differences in IQ tests are rooted in generalized genetic differences
Rushton & Jensen (2005)
85
Nisbett (2005)
Challenge to the R&J hereditarian position: Degree of ancestry studies; malleability of IQ; adoption studies
86
Cite: Challenge to the R&J hereditarian position: Degree of ancestry studies; malleability of IQ; adoption studies
Nisbett (2005)
87
Prolonged Exposure
By Foa: Remarkably effective PTSD (and +Response Prevention: OCD) that takes focuses on repeated/intense exposure (primarily imaginal) to get over trauma
88
What is the Depressive Triad in the MMPI-2?
Hypochondria (somatic complaints); Depression (Mood complaints); and Hysteria
89
Siefert et al (2009)
PAI both has high internal consistency and strong discriminant validity between scales; Very psychometrically sound.
90
Cite: PAI both has high internal consistency and strong discriminant validity between scales; Very psychometrically sound.
Siefert et al (2009)
91
Dawes & Corrigan (1974)
Actuarial judgments based on CLINICIANS OWN RATING STYLES outperform clinicians own styles
92
Cite: Actuarial judgments based on CLINICIANS OWN RATING STYLES outperform clinicians own styles
Dawes & Corrigan (1974)
93
Hopwood & Moser (2011)
PAI scales converge into internalizing (DEP; ANX; ARD) and externalizing (ALC; DRG; ANT)
94
Cite: PAI scales converge into internalizing (DEP; ANX; ARD) and externalizing (ALC; DRG; ANT)
Hopwood & Moser (2011)
95
Edens et al (2007)
PAI malingering measure performs appropriately; But doesn't do well in the field (Actual psychiatric/suspected malingerers); More sophisticated techniques than NIM are better
96
Cite: PAI malingering measure performs appropriately; But doesn't do well in the field (Actual psychiatric/suspected malingerers); More sophisticated techniques than NIM are better
Edens et al (2007)
97
Cai et al (2004)
CBCL has low reliability between multiple raters; but different raters DO agree on identifying "primary problem"
98
Cite: CBCL has low reliability between multiple raters; but different raters DO agree on identifying "primary problem"
Cai et al (2004)
99
What are the new DSM-5 Personality Facets?
Identity; Self-Direction; Empathy; Intimacy
100
Schoenberg et al (2004)
MMPI-2 validity scales might just correlate with Personality disorder (missing meaningful stories)
101
Cite: MMPI-2 validity scales might just correlate with Personality disorder (missing meaningful stories)
Schoenberg et al (2004)

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