Psychopathology Flashcards
(153 cards)
2
Q
Cite: Imipramine/CBT better than applied exposure in short term; Imip has massive relapse after discontinuation
A
Clark et al (1994)
3
Q
Cite: Study comparing CBTvMETv12Step for AUDs; found that MET works best for high-anger clients; CBT&12step work best for clients with stable social networks
A
Project MATCH (1989)
4
Q
Toth et al (2002)
A
PPP leads to better maternal representations in maltreated children than community standard OR PHVs.
5
Q
Abraham & Freud (1911)
A
Psychoanalytic model of depression as anger towards external abandoners turned inward
6
Q
Janoff Bulman (2002)
A
Shattered Assumptions Theory- People assume that the world is a safe place; is predictable; and that the self is special.
7
Q
Cite:Psychoanalytic model of depression as anger towards external abandoners turned inward
A
Abraham & Freud (1911)
8
Q
Cite:Stitched together a thorough review of findings that help us construct the development of depression in adolescence
A
Cicchetti & Toth (1998)
9
Q
Miller & Rollnick (1991)
A
Motivational Interviewing Handbook; Motivational Enhancement Therapy- Specific application of MI techniques to substance reduction
10
Q
Cite: “Project Competence” (with Masten) targets children of mothers diagnosed with schizophrenia and explores the role of social competence as a protective factor (OR, protective marker) against later symptom devlopment
A
Garmezy (1974)
11
Q
Lewinsohn (1975)
A
Depression as the result of insufficient reinforcement/reinforcers.
12
Q
Nemeroffs Work
A
Since 1984: Emphasizes the importance of cortisol releasing factor in development of depression
13
Q
Cite: Molecular genetics study that found genotypes conferring high MAO-A concentrations weakened the link between maltreatment and subsequent ASPD development
A
Caspi et al (2002)
14
Q
Cite:2 subtype typology of AUDs; Type I (later onset; caused by enviro factors) and Type II (early onset; genetically determined)
A
Cloninger (1987)
15
Q
Caspi et al (2002)
A
Molecular genetics study that found genotypes conferring high MAO-A concentrations weakened the link between maltreatment and subsequent ASPD development
16
Q
Kim & Cicchetti (2006)
A
Maltreatment -> Lower school age self-esteem -> Higher depressive symptoms
17
Q
Consequences of Maternal Depression?
A
Higher likelihood of dep, schiz, etc.; lower attachment
18
Q
Howe et al (2004)
A
Maltreatment has NO obvious effects on memory functioning.
19
Q
Gottesman (1991)
A
80% of schizophrenia’s etiology is genetic
20
Q
Cite: Imipramine=CBT for panic disorder; Combination gives SLIGHT short term advantage; CBT maintains gains better at followup
A
Barlow et al (2004)
21
Q
Toth et al (1997)
A
Maltreated preschoolers narratives contain more negative self/mother representations and show bad relationships with examiners; Neglected children have a poverty of positive self-representations and an absence of either pos OR neg maternal representations
22
Q
Cite: CPP/TPP prevents subsequent cognitive deficits in children of depressed mothers
A
Cicchetti et al (2000)
23
Q
Luthar (2006)
A
Defines resilience as “positive adaptation despite adversity”; 2 issues: What counts as adversity (odds of negative outcome); What counts as positive adaptation?
24
Q
MAO-A (High and Low)
A
Low: Predicts aggression in “High provocation settings” (Caspi etal 2004) High: Associated with depression
25
Q
Moffit (2003)
A
Two-Trajectory model of ODD/CD:Early/Youth Trajectory- starts early, more likely to persistAdolescent Onset/Limited- Starts in Adolescence; equally represented between genders; desist from offending
26
Cite: Worry serves as avoidance of deeper emotional processing of negative emotions
Borkovek et al (1991)
27
Teicher et al (2004)
Neuroimaging study that found childhood trauma leads to reduced corpus callosum volume.
28
Jones & Barlow (1990)
Anxious Appraisal Theory- PTSD flashbacks strike in a manner similar to panic attacks. Anxious apprehension -> Hypervigilance -> Hyperarousal -> Re-experiencing symptoms of the event
29
Cite: TPP leads to better attachment security in the children of depressed mothers
Toth et al (2006)
30
Cite: Biosocial Model of BPD: It begins with impulsivity/emotional lability which is then compounded by poor social reinforcement
Linehan (1993)
31
Davidson et al (2006)
CBT+TAU has no added value over TAU (discouraging)
32
Cite: 85% disorganized attachment in maltreated kids
Cicchetti et al (2007)
33
Cognitive factors in GAD
Type II worry (Wells); Worrying to avoid deeper processing (Berkovec); Low self-efficacy/belief in problem solving skills; Intolerance of uncertainty
34
Cite: Developmental Psychopathology- "study the ORIGINS and COURSE of INDIVIDUAL PATTERNS OF BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION"; Explores relationship between Risk/Protective factors; as interested in "at risk" populations as those already presenting with problems
Sroufe & Rutter (1984)
35
Cite:Learned helplessness model of depression
Seligman (1975)
36
Project MATCH (1989)
Study comparing CBTvMETv12Step for AUDs; found that MET works best for high-anger clients; CBT&12step work best for clients with stable social networks
37
Garmezy (1974)
"Project Competence" (with Masten) targets children of mothers diagnosed with schizophrenia and explores the role of social competence as a protective factor (OR, protective marker) against later symptom devlopment
38
Clark et al (1994)
Imipramine/CBT better than applied exposure in short term; Imip has massive relapse after discontinuation
39
Cite: Found pre-psychosis cognitive deficits.
Tarbox & Pogue-Guile (08)
40
Cite: Resilience as "ordinary magic," normative functioning of human adaptation systems to correct themselves (employing "assets") in the face of damage. Multiple risks can disrupt those processes
Masten (2001)
41
Cite: Ineffective parenting is tightly linked to the development of subsequent conduct problems. Used a parenting group intervention to SUBSTANTIALLY lower delinquency (and growth in deliquency over time)
Forgatch (2009)
42
Cite:Depression as the result of insufficient reinforcement/reinforcers.
Lewinsohn (1975)
43
Keshavan & Hogarty (1999)
Theory of schiz as a process emerging as a result of a malfunction of typical adolescent brain maturation processes (e.g., symnaptic pruning)
44
Cite: Maltreated children have stronger ERP responses to angry faces (and not any other emotional face including scared faces)
Pollack's work
45
Toth et al (2006)
TPP leads to better attachment security in the children of depressed mothers
46
Cite: CBT+TAU has no added value over TAU (discouraging)
Davidson et al (2006)
47
Cite: On the early development of ODD/CD; Posits a geneXenviro interaction where children SEEK negative environments
Lahey's Work
48
Tarbox & Pogue-Guile (08)
Found pre-psychosis cognitive deficits in eventual schizophrenic patients.
49
Cite: Developmental psychopathology- interested in the interplay between normal & abnormal functioning; Psychopathology- successive deviations from normalcy resulting in a stable negative problem
Cicchetti (1984)
50
Cite: "Harmful Dysfunction" definition of psychopathology
Wakefield (1997)
51
Cite:Depression in adolescence is related to poor parental relationships and poor cross-sex relationships. This in turn leads to poor marital functioning in early adulthood.
Kandel & Davies (1986)
52
Forgatch (2009)
Ineffective parenting is tightly linked to the development of subsequent conduct problems. Used a parenting group intervention to SUBSTANTIALLY lower delinquency (and growth in deliquency over time)
53
Goodman & Gotlib (1999)
Reviews effects of maternal depression: Propose 4 pathways to explain subsequent pathology (heritability of dep; dysfunctional neuroregulatory mechanisms; exposure to moms cognitions; stressful enviro)
54
Sroufe (1996)
Maltreatment associated with increased negative emotional expression in mother/child interaction tasks.
55
Cite: Panic Control Therapy + Meds worse than Panic Control therapy alone
Addis et al (2004)
56
Cite: Paper exploring the decisionmaking process of designing a theoretically informed preventative intervention
Cicchetti & Toth (2006)
57
Cite: Multisystemic therapy more effective than individual therapy in reducing #offenses (and likelihood of any offenses!)
Sawyer & Borduin (2011)
58
Shonk & Cichetti (2001)
Maltreatment associated with less academic engagement and poor ego functioning and social functioning; these in turn lead to poorer academic performance and higher internalizing/externalizing symptoms
59
Distinguish Borderline & Antisocial- Etiology
Both tend to cluster together, though ASPD more associated with MAO-A; Lability of BPD associated with 5-HTT. Linehan's biosocial model.
60
5-HTT Correlates (High AND Low)
Implicated in development of depression and only gene still relevant across metaanalyses; Linked to suicidality & emotional lability in Borderline
61
Toth et al (2009)
Maternal Depression -> Low attachment security -> Negative self-representations
62
Keller et al (2003)
Imaging study finding corpus callosum deterioration after child-onset schiz.
63
Cite: Maltreated children have a reduced startle reflex.
Klorman et al (2001)
64
Seligman (1975)
Learned helplessness model of depression
65
Cite: PPP leads to better maternal representations in maltreated children than community standard OR PHVs.
Toth et al (2002)
66
Kandel & Davies (1986)
Depression in adolescence is related to poor parental relationships and poor cross-sex relationships. This in turn leads to poor marital functioning in early adulthood.
67
Etiology of Substance Abuse
Substance abusing parents contribute genes (+environmental causes); Sensation seeking; Low Self-Esteem; Rebellious; Borderline
68
Cite:Shattered Assumptions Theory- People assume that the world is a safe place; is predictable; and that the self is special.
Janoff Bulman (2002)
69
Cite:Found stronger links between adolescent and adult depression than childhood and adolescent depression or childhood and adult depression.
Harrington et al (1990)
70
Reichenberg & Harvey (2007)
Reviews evidence showing frontal lobe abnormalities and broad cognitive deficits.
71
Cite: 80% of schizophrenia's etiology is genetic
Gottesman (1991)
72
Cite: Transference focused psychotherapy performs comparable to DBT (+ better at controlling ANGER than DBT) for Borderline
Clarkin et al (2007)
73
Linehan (2006)
RCT comparing DBT to TAU: DBT lowers suicidality/self harm; has lower dropout; lower hospitalization rates
74
MI Handbook
Miller & Rollnick (1991)
75
Wells (2006)
Metacognitive therapy focusing on Type II worry (worry about worry) is VERY effective
76
Masten (2001)
Resilience as "ordinary magic," normative functioning of human adaptation systems to correct themselves (employing "assets") in the face of damage. Multiple risks can disrupt those processes
77
Cite: Maltreated preschoolers narratives contain more negative self/mother representations and show bad relationships with examiners; Neglected children have a poverty of positive self-representations and an absence of either pos OR neg maternal representations
Toth et al (1997)
78
Cite: Neuroimaging study that found childhood trauma leads to reduced hippocampal volume in adults. Since this reduced volume doesn't occur through puberty: It means early experience impacts LATE (post-adolescent) brain development
Bremner's work
79
Cite: Imaging study finding corpus callosum deterioration after child-onset schiz.
Keller et al (2003)
80
Cite: Maltreatment associated with less academic engagement and poor ego functioning and social functioning; these in turn lead to poorer academic performance and higher internalizing/externalizing symptoms
Shonk & Cichetti (2001)
81
Caspi et al (2003)
Molecular genetics study that found short allele of 5-HTT seratonin gene increases the likelihood of developing depression in response to maltreatment
82
Beck (1967)
Cognitive Triad: Depression emerges from a combination of negative attributions about self (worthless); the future (hopeless); and experiences (negative interpretations)
83
Dugas
Intolerability of uncertainty in GAD
84
Cite: ERP outperforms clomipramine alone; Combined=same effect but: 1) lower dose clom; 2) treatment more tolerable
Foa & Liebowitz (2005)
85
Bremner's work
Neuroimaging study that found childhood trauma leads to reduced hippocampal volume in adults. Since this reduced volume doesn't occur through puberty: It means early experience impacts LATE (post-adolescent) brain development
86
Sroufe & Rutter (1984)
Developmental Psychopathology- "study the ORIGINS and COURSE of INDIVIDUAL PATTERNS OF BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION"; Explores relationship between Risk/Protective factors; as interested in "at risk" populations as those already presenting with problems
87
Protective factors again Depression
Healthy pattern of relatedness to mother; Development of self-esteem in early childhood (Kim&Cicch 2006)
88
Cicchetti & Toth (2006)
Paper exploring the decisionmaking process of designing a theoretically informed preventative intervention
89
Kessler (2005)
50% lifetime prevalence ANY disorder; Most common anxiety, followed by mood, followed by substance use
90
Cichetti et al (2006)
Infant Parent-Psychotherapy vs. Psychoeducational Home Visits vs. Community Standard: Both interventions result in improved attachment for maltreated children compared with CS (who are mostly disorganized)
91
Cite: Childhood maltreatment has been inconsistently defined between cultures and historical eras based on "what acts count" and "how severe" counts. Offers the Maltreatment Classification System to standardize definitions.
Barnett et al (1993)
92
Harrington et al (1990)
Found stronger links between adolescent and adult depression than childhood and adolescent depression or childhood and adult depression.
93
Cite:Gathered the most current support for the neurodevelopmental disorder conceptualization of schizophrenia
Bearden et al (2006)
94
Cite: Maltreatment -> Lower school age self-esteem -> Higher depressive symptoms
Kim & Cicchetti (2006)
95
Cite:Anxious Appraisal Theory- PTSD flashbacks strike in a manner similar to panic attacks. Anxious apprehension -> Hypervigilance -> Hyperarousal -> Re-experiencing symptoms of the event
Jones & Barlow (1990)
96
Garber et al (1991)
Depressed children have many of the same cognitive errors as adults. It is likely that they are simply maintained.
97
Cite: Metacognitive therapy focusing on Type II worry (worry about worry) is VERY effective
Wells (2006)
98
Lahey's Work
On the early development of ODD/CD; Posits a geneXenviro interaction where children SEEK negative environments; argues for a continuum rather than Moffit's 2-trajectory model
99
Cite: Defines resilience as "positive adaptation despite adversity"; 2 issues: What counts as adversity (odds of negative outcome); What counts as positive adaptation?
Luthar (2006)
100
Schiz Risk Factors review (early lesion model)
Cannon & Clark (2005)
101
Cite: Two-Trajectory model of ODD/CD:Early/Youth Trajectory- starts early, more likely to persistAdolescent Onset/Limited- Starts in Adolescence; equally represented between genders; desist from offending
Moffit (2003)
102
Cite: Reviews effects of maternal depression: Propose 4 pathways to explain subsequent pathology (heritability of dep; dysfunctional neuroregulatory mechanisms; exposure to moms cognitions; stressful enviro)
Goodman & Gotlib (1999)
103
Barnett et al (1993)
Childhood maltreatment has been inconsistently defined between cultures and historical eras based on "what acts count" and "how severe" counts. Offers the Maltreatment Classification System to standardize definitions.
104
Cannon & Clark (2005)
Schiz Risk Factors review (Early Lesion Model)
105
Cannon et al (2002)
Studied MZ twins discordant for schizophrenia to map cortex surface features associated with genetics and features associated with the actual development of schizophrenic symptoms.
106
Cicchetti (1984)
Developmental psychopathology- interested in the interplay between normal & abnormal functioning; Psychopathology- successive deviations from normalcy resulting in a stable negative problem
107
Cite: Theory of schiz as a process emerging as a result of a malfunction of typical adolescent brain maturation processes (e.g., symnaptic pruning)
Keshavan & Hogarty (1999)
108
Cite: Molecular genetics study that found short allele of 5-HTT seratonin gene increases the likelihood of developing depression in response to maltreatment
Caspi et al (2003)
109
Cite: Neuroimaging study that found childhood trauma leads to reduced corpus callosum volume.
Teicher et al (2004)
110
Cite: Child maltreatment is associated with poorer patterns of relating to the mother; Children with both hx of maltreatment and poor patterns of relating have worst depressive symptoms
Toth & Cicchetti (1996)
111
Who: Since 1984: Emphasizes the importance of cortisol releasing factor in development of depression
Nemeroffs Work
112
Cite: Notion of Intolerability of uncertainty in GAD
Dugas
113
Cite:Cognitive Triad: Depression emerges from a combination of negative attributions about self (worthless); the future (hopeless); and experiences (negative interpretations)
Beck (1967)
114
Linehan (1993)
Biosocial Model of BPD: It begins with impulsivity/emotional lability which is then compounded by poor social reinforcement
115
Cite: Treatments that target maternal depression WITHOUT targeting the relationship DO NOT offset negative outcomes
Forman et al (2007)
116
ASPD Risk Factors
ASPD & Borderline aggregate in families; Difficult Temperament; Sensation seeking; Ineffective parenting
117
Addis et al (2004)
Panic Control Therapy + Meds worse than Panic Control therapy alone
118
Cicchetti & Rogosch (2001)
Found elevated cortisol all day in "multiply maltreated children"; Physically abused children have lowered cortisol with less variation.
119
Rogosch et al (2004)
Maternal Depression -> High EE at multiple levels of the family system -> Child problem behavior
120
Cite: Maltreatment associated with increased negative emotional expression in mother/child interaction tasks.
Sroufe (1996)
121
Cite: Found elevated cortisol all day in "multiply maltreated children"; Physically abused children have lowered cortisol with less variation.
Cicchetti & Rogosch (2001)
122
Maltreatment Classification System
Barnett et al (1993)- 5 subtypes (physical, sexual, emotional, neglect, and moral-educational-legal; Also has dimensions measuring severity; frequency; period; separations; and perpetrator
123
Sawyer & Borduin (2011)
Multisystemic therapy more effective than individual therapy in reducing #offenses (and likelihood of any offenses!)
124
Cite: Maternal Depression -> High EE at multiple levels of the family system -> Child problem behavior
Rogosch et al (2004)
125
Cite: Barnett et al (1993)- 5 subtypes (physical, sexual, emotional, neglect, and moral-educational-legal; Also has dimensions measuring severity; frequency; period; separations; and perpetrator
Maltreatment Classification System
126
Cite: Imaging study finding RAPID gray matter loss during adolescence for child-onset schizophrenia.
Thompson et al (2001)
127
Pollack's work
Maltreated children have stronger ERP responses to angry faces (and not any other emotional face including scared faces)
128
Cite: Maltreatment has NO obvious effects on memory functioning.
Howe et al (2004)
129
What is the influence of genes on Schizophrenia?
Gottesman (1991)- 80% of etiology is genetic; Meehl (1962)- the importance of heredity is so critical that he hypothesized the existence of schizotypes.
130
Cicchetti et al (2007)
85% disorganized attachment in maltreated kids
131
Clarkin et al (2007)
Transference focused psychotherapy performs comparable to DBT (+ better at controlling ANGER than DBT) for borderline
132
Cloninger (1987)
2 subtype typology of AUDs; Type I (later onset; caused by enviro factors) and Type II (early onset; genetically determined)
133
Thompson et al (2001)
Imaging study finding RAPID gray matter loss during adolescence for child-onset schizophrenia.
134
Cicchetti et al (2000)
CPP/TPP prevents subsequent cognitive deficits in children of depressed mothers
135
Borkovek et al (1991)
Worry serves as avoidance of deeper emotional processing of negative emotions
136
Cite: RCT comparing DBT to TAU: DBT lowers suicidality/self harm; has lower dropout; lower hospitalization rates
Linehan (2006)
137
Barlow et al (2004)
Imipramine=CBT for panic disorder; Combination gives SLIGHT short term advantage; CBT maintains gains better at followup
138
Klorman et al (2001)
Maltreated children have a reduced startle reflex.
139
Foa & Liebowitz (2005)
ERP outperforms clomipramine alone; Combined=same effect but: 1) lower dose clom; 2) treatment more tolerable
140
Toth & Cicchetti (1996)
Child maltreatment is associated with poorer patterns of relating to the mother; Children with both hx of maltreatment and poor patterns of relating have worst depressive symptoms
141
Rogosch & Cichetti (1996)
Multifinality/Equifinality editorial
142
Cite: Maternal Depression -> Low attachment security -> Negative self-representations
Toth et al (2009)
143
NCS- 50% lifetime prevalence ANY disorder; Most common anxiety, followed by mood, followed by substance use
Kessler (2005)
144
Forman et al (2007)
Treatments that target maternal depression WITHOUT targeting the relationship DO NOT offset negative outcomes
145
Cicchetti & Toth (1998)
Stitched together a thorough review of findings that help us construct the development of depression in adolescence
146
Cite: Infant Parent-Psychotherapy vs. Psychoeducational Home Visits vs. Community Standard: Both interventions result in improved attachment for maltreated children compared with CS (who are mostly disorganized)
Cichetti et al (2006)
147
List Risk factors for Depression
Low 5HTT; emotional undercontrol; poor pattern of relating with the mother & Physical and sexual abuse (Toth&Cicch 1996); Hypercortisolism (Nemeroff)
148
Wakefield (1997)
"Harmful Dysfunction" definition of psychopathology
149
Cite:Depressed children have many of the same cognitive errors as adults. It is likely that they are simply maintained.
Garber et al (1991)
150
Schiz Risk Factors
C&C (05)- Prenatal complications/infection; minority population; poor maternal relationship/maternal dep
151
Cite: Multifinality/Equifinality editorial
Rogosch & Cichetti (1996)
152
Bearden et al (2006)
Gathered the most current support for the neurodevelopmental disorder conceptualization of schizophrenia
153
Cite: Studied MZ twins discordant for schizophrenia to map cortex surface features associated with genetics and features associated with the actual development of schizophrenic symptoms.
Cannon et al (2002)
154
Cite: Review of evidence showing frontal lobe abnormalities and broad cognitive deficits.
Reichenberg & Harvey (2007)
