History Exam Flashcards
(294 cards)
1
Q
What is the Bering Strait Hypothesis?
A
A theory that suggests people migrated to North America via a land bridge (Beringia) that appeared 32,000 years ago during the Ice Age.
2
Q
What marked the first migration of people into North America according to the Bering Strait Hypothesis?
A
The appearance of a land bridge due to lowered ocean levels.
3
Q
What is the Ice-Free Corridor Hypothesis?
A
A theory that suggests people moved into North America 12,000 years ago through a passage created by melting glaciers east of the Rockies.
4
Q
What is the Coastal Migration Hypothesis?
A
The theory that some people traveled to North America by boats along the Pacific Coast.
5
Q
Why is the Coastal Migration Hypothesis less accepted?
A
Due to the rough ocean currents.
6
Q
Which language family is associated with the St. Lawrence Valley around 1500?
A
Iroquoian.
7
Q
Which language family is associated with the Canadian Shield around 1500?
A
Algonquian.
8
Q
Which language family is associated with Northern Quebec around 1500?
A
Inuit (Eskimo-Aleut).
9
Q
What geographic region did the Inuit inhabit?
A
Northern Quebec.
10
Q
What geographic region did the Algonquians inhabit?
A
Canadian Shield.
11
Q
What geographic region did the Iroquois inhabit?
A
St. Lawrence Valley.
12
Q
Describe the lifestyle of the Inuit in Northern Quebec.
A
Nomadic, lived in tundra, used igloos in winter and caribou skin tents in summer.
13
Q
What were the main roles of men and women in Inuit society?
A
Men: hunted, built boats/tools. Women: cooked, raised kids, made clothing.
14
Q
What forms of transport did the Inuit use?
A
Umiak (large boat), kayak, sleds, snowshoes.
15
Q
Describe the lifestyle of the Algonquians.
A
Nomadic hunters and gatherers who lived in wigwams.
16
Q
What type of social structure did the Algonquians have?
A
Patrilineal.
17
Q
What types of transportation did the Algonquians utilize?
A
Canoes, snowshoes, sleds.
18
Q
Describe the lifestyle of the Iroquois.
A
Sedentary farmers who lived in longhouses within palisaded villages.
19
Q
What crops did the Iroquois grow?
A
The Three Sisters: corn, beans, squash.
20
Q
What type of social structure did the Iroquois have?
A
Matrilineal.
21
Q
What social groups existed in Algonquian society?
A
- Family * Hunting group * Band * Nation.
22
Q
What social groups existed in Iroquois society?
A
- Family * Clan * Village * Nation * Confederacy.
23
Q
What spiritual belief did Indigenous peoples hold regarding nature?
A
Animism; they believed everything had a spirit.
24
Q
What role did rituals play in Indigenous spiritual beliefs?
A
Rituals were used to connect with the spirit world through dance, music, and offerings.
25
What was the role of a shaman in Indigenous communities?
Spiritual leader who interpreted dreams, healed, and predicted the future.
26
How was culture and stories passed down in Indigenous societies?
Orally, as there was no writing.
27
What was the primary method of cultural transmission among Indigenous peoples?
Through elders who passed down stories and culture orally.
28
What was the nature of land and resources in the society described?
Land and resources were shared by the whole nation.
29
How was wealth perceived in this society?
Wealth was not personal.
30
What role did gifts and counter-gifts play in this society?
Used for diplomacy and relationships.
31
What qualities were important in choosing chiefs?
Bravery, generosity, hunting, speaking skills.
32
How did chiefs make decisions?
Through councils (no power to force).
33
Who had major influence in decision-making?
Elders due to experience.
34
What type of trade system was used in the 16th century?
Bartering.
35
Fill in the blank: The Iroquois traded corn, beans, and squash to the Algonquians for _______.
meat and fur.
36
What material was used for tools and where did it come from?
Copper from the Great Lakes.
37
What were the primary methods of travel in trade?
Canoes, rivers; forest trails and portages.
38
How were alliances characterized in this society?
Flexible – made and broken based on needs.
39
What were common causes of rivalries?
* Hunting grounds
* Control of trade goods
* Charging tolls.
40
What did wars signify in this culture?
Bravery.
41
What happened to prisoners of war?
* Killed or tortured
* Sometimes adopted to replace lost family.
42
Who were the first Europeans to make contact around 1000 CE?
Vikings.
43
Where did the Vikings settle?
L’Anse aux Meadows (NFLD).
44
What significant event occurred in 1453 that impacted European trade?
Ottomans took Constantinople.
45
What did the Renaissance focus on?
Learning, art, and science.
46
Which explorers are notable for their voyages in the late 15th and early 16th centuries?
* Columbus (1492)
* John Cabot (1497)
* Magellan (1522).
47
What was the main activity of Europeans during spring in relation to cod fishing?
Set up temporary camps.
48
What are the two types of fisheries mentioned?
* Wet fishery (preserved with salt)
* Dry fishery (dried on shore).
49
Who primarily conducted whaling?
Basques (from France/Spain border).
50
What were whales used for?
* Meat
* Blubber (turned into oil).
51
What items did Indigenous people trade with Europeans?
* Pelts: beaver, fox, bear, otter, moose, caribou.
52
What items did Europeans trade with Indigenous people?
* Blankets
* Beads
* Pots
* Knives
* Metal tools.
53
What became very popular in Europe from Indigenous trade?
Fur (especially beaver).
54
What was the impact of European trade on Indigenous trade networks?
Disrupted.
55
What led to rivalries over trading with Europeans?
Grew over who could trade.
56
What was a consequence of overhunting?
Animal shortages (especially beaver).
57
What was one objective of French exploration?
Find a maritime route to Asia
## Footnote
Other objectives included creating a colonial empire, discovering precious metals, and evangelizing Indigenous peoples.
58
Who sent Jacques Cartier on his voyages?
King François I
## Footnote
He was tasked with exploring for France.
59
What significant meeting occurred during Cartier's 1st Voyage?
Met the Iroquois at Stadacona (Quebec City)
## Footnote
This interaction was crucial for establishing initial contact with Indigenous peoples.
60
What did Cartier take back to France from his 1st Voyage?
Took Donnacona’s sons to France
## Footnote
This was part of his efforts to establish relations with the Indigenous peoples.
61
What was a major outcome of Cartier's 2nd Voyage?
Blocked by Lachine Rapids
## Footnote
This prevented further exploration and led to a challenging winter.
62
What health issue affected Cartier and his crew during the 2nd Voyage?
Scurvy
## Footnote
This was a common ailment for sailors lacking fresh food.
63
What was the result of Cartier's 3rd Voyage?
Colonization abandoned temporarily
## Footnote
This was due to various failures and challenges faced during the voyage.
64
What false discovery did Cartier make during his 3rd Voyage?
“Gold” turned out to be fool’s gold
## Footnote
This misidentification contributed to the failure of his colonization efforts.
65
What was a positive achievement of Cartier's voyages?
Claimed land for France
## Footnote
Other achievements included mapping the St. Lawrence River and establishing Indigenous contact.
66
What was one major failure of Cartier's expeditions?
No route to Asia
## Footnote
Additionally, there were no permanent colonies or precious metals found.
67
Fill in the blank: Jacques Cartier's 1st Voyage occurred in _______.
1534
## Footnote
This was the beginning of his exploration efforts.
68
Fill in the blank: Jacques Cartier's 2nd Voyage occurred in _______.
1535
## Footnote
This voyage included reaching Hochelaga (Montreal).
69
Fill in the blank: Jacques Cartier's 3rd Voyage occurred in _______.
1541
## Footnote
He was instructed to settle and evangelize during this voyage.
70
What was the outcome of the Sable Island colonization attempt?
Failure due to poor supplies and harsh climate, resulting in only 11 survivors after 4 years
## Footnote
Led by Marquis de la Roche from 1598 to 1603
71
What happened to the Ile St. Croix settlement in 1604?
Failure due to harsh winter; moved to Port-Royal in 1605 and shut down by 1607
## Footnote
The settlement struggled with severe weather conditions
72
Who established the Tadoussac Trading Post and when?
Established by Pierre Chauvin in 1600
## Footnote
It was the first trading post for furs
73
What was the Franco-Aboriginal Alliance and who was involved?
Alliance between Algonquians, Maliseet, and the French against the Iroquois
## Footnote
Strengthened trade and military cooperation
74
When was Quebec founded and by whom?
Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain
## Footnote
Established L’Habitation near Stadacona for strategic trade access
75
What economic system characterized New France?
Mercantilism
## Footnote
New France served as a resource colony for France, focusing on raw materials like furs
76
What restrictions were placed on trade in New France?
Could only trade with France and not develop its own economy
## Footnote
Chartered Companies had to send settlers
77
What were the early population issues in New France in 1627?
Only ~100 people, mostly men; few families, harsh winters, and conflicts
## Footnote
Distance from France and threats from Indigenous groups and the English contributed to challenges
78
What was the purpose of the Company of 100 Associates formed in 1627?
Monopoly on fur trade and obligation to bring 4,000 settlers in 15 years
## Footnote
Formed by Cardinal Richelieu but failed due to war with England
79
What year was Trois-Rivières founded?
1634
## Footnote
Trois-Rivières became a fur trade hub at the confluence of the St. Maurice and St. Lawrence Rivers.
80
Who founded Ville-Marie and in what year?
Maisonneuve & Jeanne Mance in 1642
## Footnote
Ville-Marie later became known as Montreal and was established for evangelization.
81
What is the Seigneurial System?
Land distribution system along waterways
## Footnote
It involved Seigneuries, Seigneurs, and Censitaires.
82
What are the duties of Seigneurs in the Seigneurial System?
Build mills, report to king
## Footnote
Seigneurs managed the land and its resources.
83
What are the duties of Censitaires in the Seigneurial System?
Pay rent, do 3 days unpaid labor (Corvée), maintain roads
## Footnote
Censitaires were tenants of the seigneuries.
84
What services did the Catholic Church provide in New France?
Education, healthcare, charity, religious services
## Footnote
These services were controlled by the clergy.
85
Which religious orders were present in New France?
Jesuits, Récollets, Ursulines, Sulpicians
## Footnote
Their mission was to evangelize Indigenous Peoples.
86
Who was Bishop François de Laval?
First bishop of New France
## Footnote
He founded the Seminary of Quebec and was a member of the Sovereign Council.
87
What were the alliances during the FNP relations and warfare?
French allied with Algonquians & Huron-Wendat
## Footnote
Their enemies included the Iroquois, who allied with the English & Dutch.
88
What major conflict affected French settlements in the 1600s?
Iroquois Wars
## Footnote
These wars led to attacks on French settlements and the destruction of the Huron-Wendat.
89
What was the population of New France by 1663?
~3,000 settlers
## Footnote
This was a stark contrast to the English & Dutch colonies, which had ~80,000 settlers.
90
What caused the significant drop in First Nations population between 1620 and 1650?
European diseases like smallpox
## Footnote
The population fell from 4,500 to 2,000.
91
What is acculturation?
Adopting parts of another culture without losing your own
## Footnote
FNPs adopted European tools, weapons, and clothes.
92
What was the primary economic activity in New France before 1663?
Fur trade
## Footnote
The fur trade was male-dominated and faced challenges from Iroquois attacks.
93
What were Louis XIV's goals for New France after 1663?
Increase population, use natural resources, diversify the economy
## Footnote
His power was absolute with no democracy.
94
Who were the key members of the Sovereign Council in New France?
Governor, Intendant, Bishop
## Footnote
The Governor managed military and external relations, the Intendant handled economy and justice, and the Bishop oversaw religion.
95
What are the two types of military groups mentioned?
Regular soldiers and militia men
## Footnote
Regular soldiers are trained, paid, and full-time, while militia men are local, part-time, and unpaid.
96
What significant military event occurred in 1665?
The Carignan-Salières Regiment sent 1,200 troops to fight the Iroquois
## Footnote
This military action involved burning Mohawk villages, which ultimately led to peace in 1701.
97
What was the primary occupation of most settlers after 1663?
Farmers or laborers from NW/SW France
## Footnote
This demographic trend created a disparity with more men than women.
98
Who were the Filles du Roi?
Orphan girls sent to marry and have families
## Footnote
This initiative was a solution to the gender imbalance among settlers.
99
What incentives were provided to encourage family growth?
* Fines for parents of unmarried kids
* Rewards for young couples and large families
* Dowries for poor women
100
Name the three main cities in New France.
Quebec, Trois-Rivières, Ville-Marie (Montreal)
## Footnote
These cities served as cultural centers with various social activities.
101
What percentage of the population lived in rural areas?
85%
## Footnote
The majority of the rural population were farmers.
102
How many slaves were in the St. Lawrence Valley between 1700 and 1766?
~2,000 slaves
## Footnote
Most were FNP (canoeists), with some being Black domestic workers, and they had very few rights.
103
What was the goal of economic diversification?
To not depend only on fur
## Footnote
This strategy aimed to create a more sustainable economy.
104
Who was Jean Talon and what did he do?
Intendant who boosted agriculture
## Footnote
He brought seeds and promoted crops like hemp, flax, and hops, and built a brewery and shipyard.
105
What contributions did Michel Bégon make?
Supported hemp and wood/timber
## Footnote
He was involved in the development of sawmills.
106
What infrastructure did Gilles Hocquart build?
St. Maurice Forge and Chemin du Roy
## Footnote
Chemin du Roy linked Quebec, Trois-Rivières, and Montreal.
107
What was a major obstacle to diversification in trade?
No surplus for export
## Footnote
Other obstacles included expensive shipping, resources being far from cities, and mercantilism rules that limited trade.
108
What was the most important resource in the fur trade?
Beaver fur
109
Who were the coureurs de bois?
Independent fur traders in the Great Lakes area
110
What problem arose from having too many coureurs de bois?
Overtrapping
111
What was the Congé de traite?
A fur trade license allowing only licensed traders to participate
112
Who did merchants hire to move goods in the fur trade?
Voyageurs
113
What was the result of overtrapping in the fur trade?
Fewer beavers and reduced profits
114
What did the fur trade push the French to do?
Explore new land, including lakes and rivers
115
By 1713, how far did New France stretch?
From Labrador to Louisiana
116
What role did priests play in New France?
They went to evangelize First Nations Peoples (FNPs)
117
What was the Great Peace of Montreal?
A peace agreement between the French and the Iroquois in 1701
118
What were the conditions for the Iroquois under the Great Peace of Montreal?
* Could only trade fur with the French
* Would stay neutral in English–French conflicts
* Governor would mediate between FNPs
119
What was the population of New France in 1713?
~24,000 people
120
What was the population of New France in 1752?
~75,000 people
121
What are the three social classes in New France?
* Nobility: Rich & powerful
* Clergy: Religious leaders
* Third Estate: Most people – modest lives
122
How did the French adapt to cold winters?
* Warmer clothes
* Deeper house foundations
* Iron stoves
* Sloped roofs
123
What transportation methods did the French use?
* Snowshoes
* Canoes
124
What was the Triangular Trade?
Trade involving France, New France, and the West Indies
125
What types of goods were shipped from New France/West Indies to France?
Raw materials
126
What types of goods were shipped from France to the colonies?
Manufactured goods
127
What was the main job in New France?
Farming, especially wheat
128
What were some artisan jobs in cities?
* Carpenters
* Blacksmiths
* Masons
* Shoemakers
* Seamstresses
129
What was the background of the wars between France and Great Britain?
Competition to expand their empires in the early 1700s
130
What territories did Great Britain control in North America?
* The 13 Colonies along the east coast
* Rupert’s Land near Hudson’s Bay
131
Why was Rupert’s Land significant for both France and Great Britain?
Due to the fur trade
132
What were the reasons for rivalry between France and Great Britain?
Control of Rupert’s Land and the fur trade, need for more land due to population growth in the 13 Colonies, both wanted to expand in North America
## Footnote
The rivalry was fueled by economic interests and territorial ambitions.
133
What characterized the power struggle between France and Great Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries?
4 major wars between France and Great Britain, colonies joined these wars, peace treaties often changed territorial ownership
## Footnote
These conflicts were significant in shaping colonial boundaries.
134
What was the outcome of the War of the League of Augsburg (1689–1697)?
Ended with the Treaty of Ryswick – no land changed hands
## Footnote
This war featured guerrilla warfare inspired by First Nations tactics.
135
What did the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) accomplish?
France gave part of Acadia to Britain, Rupert’s Land, and Newfoundland
## Footnote
This was part of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713).
136
What was the significance of the War of the Austrian Succession (1744–1748)?
30-year peace broken, war ended with minimal changes
## Footnote
This conflict continued the cycle of territorial disputes.
137
What was a key event in the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)?
Ohio Valley conflict (1754): France and Britain fought over it
## Footnote
This conflict marked the beginning of intense military engagements.
138
What happened during the deportation of Acadians in 1755?
British removed ~10,000 Acadians fearing they'd side with France, many sent to Louisiana
## Footnote
This led to the creation of Cajun culture.
139
What were the population and military resources of New France compared to the 13 Colonies?
Population: New France - 82,000, 13 Colonies - 1.6 million; Militiamen: New France - 12,500, 13 Colonies - 20,000; Soldiers from Europe: New France - 4,000, 13 Colonies - 23,000; Warships: New France - 38, 13 Colonies - 116; Budget: New France - 5 million pounds, 13 Colonies - 80 million pounds
## Footnote
These differences highlighted the resource disparity between the two regions.
140
What was the outcome of the capture of Louisbourg in 1758?
Gave Britain control over St. Lawrence River access
## Footnote
This was a strategic victory in the War of Conquest.
141
What occurred during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759)?
British surprise attack, British won; both commanders (Wolfe and Montcalm) died, British captured Quebec
## Footnote
This battle was pivotal in the British conquest of French territories.
142
What happened at the Battle of Sainte-Foy (1760)?
French won but couldn’t retake Quebec; British reinforcements arrived → French surrendered
## Footnote
This marked the end of major hostilities in North America.
143
What was the Capitulation of Montreal (1760)?
Montreal surrendered to British, French officials allowed to return to France
## Footnote
This event marked a significant shift in control of Canada.
144
What characterized the military regime in Quebec from 1760 to 1763?
British military controlled the colony, some French officials kept their jobs
## Footnote
This period involved significant changes in governance and administration.
145
Fill in the blank: The British merchants from the 13 Colonies moved in for _______.
fur trade
## Footnote
This influx of merchants changed the economic landscape of the region.
146
What happened to the French militia under British rule?
French militia surrendered weapons
## Footnote
This was part of the transition to British governance after the Seven Years' War.
147
To whom did French Canadians swear an oath after British rule was established?
King George III
## Footnote
This oath was a requirement for allegiance to the British Crown.
148
What legal system was implemented under British rule for French Canadians?
British criminal law
## Footnote
This marked a significant change from the previous French legal system.
149
What rights did French Canadians retain under British rule?
* Kept land and property
* Allowed to stay and practice Catholicism
* Seigneurial system
* French civil law
* French language
## Footnote
These rights were crucial for maintaining French Canadian identity.
150
What did the Treaty of Paris (1763) accomplish?
Ended the Seven Years' War
## Footnote
This treaty significantly reshaped territorial claims in North America.
151
What territories did France retain after the Treaty of Paris (1763)?
* St. Pierre & Miquelon
* Some fishing rights
## Footnote
Despite losing New France, France maintained some presence in North America.
152
What was the primary concern of First Nations during Pontiac's Revolt (1763)?
Fear of land loss under British
## Footnote
This fear led to widespread unrest and rebellion against British rule.
153
Who led the attacks during Pontiac's Revolt?
Chief Pontiac
## Footnote
Pontiac was a key figure in organizing resistance against British expansion.
154
When did Pontiac's Revolt end?
1766
## Footnote
The revolt concluded due to military defeats and the spread of smallpox.
155
What was the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
First British constitution for the colony
## Footnote
It outlined the governance of Quebec and Indigenous territories.
156
What new territory was created by the Royal Proclamation?
Province of Quebec
## Footnote
This province was smaller than the previous territory of New France.
157
What was prohibited under the Royal Proclamation regarding Indigenous lands?
No settlers allowed in Indigenous lands
## Footnote
This was intended to protect Indigenous territories from encroachment.
158
Who was appointed as governor under the Royal Proclamation?
James Murray
## Footnote
Murray faced significant challenges due to the population's demographics.
159
What was the population demographic challenge faced by James Murray?
99% population was Catholic/French
## Footnote
This made it difficult to implement British policies.
160
What concessions did Murray make to accommodate French Canadians?
* Allowed French civil law
* Some French allowed to work without renouncing Catholicism
* Allowed a new Catholic bishop
* Worked with Catholic Church to maintain order
## Footnote
These concessions were aimed at reducing tensions and maintaining stability.
161
What were the two political groups in the Province during Murray's governance?
* French Party
* British Party (merchants)
## Footnote
These groups had opposing views on governance and religious rights.
162
What were the goals of the British Party?
Wanted full British control, no Catholic rights
## Footnote
This faction was dissatisfied with Murray's policies and sought more stringent British governance.
163
Who replaced James Murray in 1766?
Guy Carleton
## Footnote
Carleton continued many of Murray's policies despite British Party complaints.
164
What was the purpose of the Quebec Act (1774)?
To keep French Canadians loyal during the American Revolution
## Footnote
This act aimed to prevent rebellion by accommodating French Canadian interests.
165
What territorial changes did the Quebec Act (1774) implement?
* Expanded Quebec to include Great Lakes
* Ohio Valley
* Labrador Coast
* Reduced Indigenous territory
## Footnote
These changes were significant for both French Canadians and Indigenous peoples.
166
What type of government was established under the Quebec Act?
Appointed governor and council, no elected assembly
## Footnote
This structure maintained British control while allowing some local participation.
167
What was allowed regarding religion under the Quebec Act?
* Catholicism officially allowed
* Church could collect tithes again
* Bishop allowed to choose successor
## Footnote
These provisions were designed to appease the Catholic majority in Quebec.
168
What laws were used for justice under the Quebec Act?
* English criminal law
* French civil law
## Footnote
This dual legal system aimed to balance British and French legal traditions.
169
What were French Canadians happy about after the Quebec Act?
Religion, language, civil law, and land rights
## Footnote
French Canadians welcomed the recognition of their cultural and legal rights.
170
What were French Canadians upset about after the Quebec Act?
Paying tithes and seigneurial dues
## Footnote
Financial obligations under the feudal system were contentious.
171
How did the French Party and British Party in Quebec react to the Quebec Act?
French Party – Happy; British Party – Furious
## Footnote
The British Party wanted only British laws and religion.
172
Why were the 13 Colonies extremely angry about the Quebec Act?
Too many rights given to Catholics, no elected assembly, couldn’t expand west
## Footnote
The Quebec Act was viewed as a bribe to keep French loyalty.
173
What was the principle of 'No Taxation Without Representation'?
Britain taxed the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament
## Footnote
This principle fueled colonial anger against British rule.
174
Which tax laws did Britain pass after the Seven Years' War?
* Sugar Act (1764)
* Stamp Act (1765)
* Tea Act (1773)
* Quebec Act (1774)
## Footnote
These laws collectively contributed to colonial discontent.
175
What were the Intolerable Acts?
Laws that upset colonists by blocking westward expansion and recognizing French civil law and Catholic religion in Quebec
## Footnote
The Quebec Act was part of this series of laws.
176
What did the colonists do in 1774 regarding Quebec?
Sent letters to Canadians asking them to join against Britain
## Footnote
This was an attempt to unify against British rule.
177
What was the outcome of the American attacks on Quebec in 1775?
Americans captured Montreal but failed to take Quebec City
## Footnote
A long winter siege led to their failure, and British reinforcements forced the Americans out in 1776.
178
When did the 13 colonies declare independence?
July 4, 1776
## Footnote
This marked a significant turning point in the American Revolution.
179
What were the results of the Treaty of Paris in 1783?
The U.S. gained land south of the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley; Quebec lost this territory
## Footnote
Indigenous peoples also lost land as a result.
180
Who were the Loyalists?
People in the 13 colonies who stayed loyal to Britain during the war
## Footnote
They faced persecution after the war and many relocated.
181
How many Loyalists settled in Quebec after the war?
About 7,000
## Footnote
Most settled near Lake Ontario.
182
What challenges did the Loyalists face upon arrival?
Many arrived poor and lived in temporary camps
## Footnote
British assistance came in the form of land and money by 1785.
183
What demands did the Loyalists make?
* English civil law
* Elected assembly
## Footnote
These demands were partially addressed with legal reforms.
184
What legal changes were introduced in response to Loyalist demands?
* 1784: Habeas Corpus introduced
* 1785: Trial by jury introduced
## Footnote
However, there was still no elected assembly.
185
What was the demographic change in Quebec from 1760 to 1791?
1760: 99% French, 1% English; 1791: 85% French, 15% English
## Footnote
Population growth among French Canadians was due to large families.
186
What was the basis of Quebec's economy from 1760 to 1791?
Mercantilism
## Footnote
Quebec exported fur, wheat, and fish to Britain.
187
What percentage of trade was controlled by British merchants by 1791?
90%
## Footnote
British dominance in trade grew significantly by this time.
188
What was the main crop grown in Quebec?
Wheat
## Footnote
Surplus wheat was sold to Britain.
189
What types of businesses controlled fisheries in Quebec?
British businesses
## Footnote
They exported dried cod to Europe and the Caribbean.
190
Fill in the blank: The Quebec economy was based on _______.
Mercantilism
## Footnote
This economic system emphasized trade and accumulation of wealth.
191
What did the Catholic Church do to survive during 1760–1791?
Worked with British, ran schools and hospitals, allowed to collect tithes again in 1774
## Footnote
The Catholic Church established 24 elementary schools and high schools at the Seminary of Quebec and College of Montreal by 1791.
192
What was the official church of Britain?
Anglican Church
## Footnote
The Anglican Church educated British children and did not have an Anglican bishop until 1793.
193
What significant change did the Constitutional Act of 1791 implement?
Quebec was split into Upper Canada and Lower Canada
## Footnote
Upper Canada was predominantly English and Protestant, while Lower Canada was predominantly French and Catholic.
194
What was the purpose of the Constitutional Act of 1791?
To respond to Loyalists' demands for democratic reforms
## Footnote
It replaced the Quebec Act.
195
What was the parliamentary system established by the Constitutional Act of 1791 based on?
British constitutional monarchy
## Footnote
The Governor had veto power over laws, and executive and legislative councils were appointed.
196
What were the voting rules established in 1791?
Must be a British subject, 21+ years old, own property or pay rent of at least 10 pounds
## Footnote
These rules defined the electorate.
197
What was notable about the first elections in Lower Canada in 1792?
34 Canadians and 16 British were elected
## Footnote
Debates were held with a French speaker chosen as Speaker, and language use included English for official documents and French for debates.
198
What were the two main political parties in Lower Canada by 1805?
Parti Canadien and Tory Party
## Footnote
The Parti Canadien was a majority (mostly Canadians), while the Tory Party was a minority (mostly British).
199
What was the population of Lower Canada in 1791?
~160,000 people
## Footnote
By 1840, the population grew to ~600,000 people, mostly through natural increase.
200
How many Americans immigrated to Lower Canada between 1791 and 1812?
~15,000 Americans
## Footnote
Immigrants received 200 acres of land.
201
What was established in 1832 in Grosse Île?
Quarantine for sick immigrants
## Footnote
This was part of the response to increasing immigration.
202
What was the population of Upper Canada by 1840?
~450,000 people
## Footnote
Upper Canada was predominantly Anglophone.
203
What act did the British Parliament pass in 1834?
Slavery Abolition Act
## Footnote
This act abolished slavery within the British Empire.
204
What role did Canada play for Black American slaves from 1834–1860?
Canada became a safe haven for Black American slaves.
205
Which regions did immigrants settle in Lower Canada after a tough Atlantic crossing?
Montreal, Quebec City, Eastern Townships, Monteregie region
206
Where did many English-speaking immigrants choose to settle instead of Lower Canada?
Upper Canada or the US
207
What areas opened for colonization in 1838 due to overcrowding?
Saguenay and Lac Saint-Jean regions
208
What drove many Canadians to migrate to cities like Montreal and Quebec?
Overpopulation
209
What were common work conditions for factory jobs in cities?
Low pay, long hours (10-12 hours/day, 6 days/week), poor ventilation, child labor, fines
210
Describe the living conditions in cities during this period.
Overcrowded homes, poor hygiene, no running water or garbage service, pollution
211
Which northeastern US states did many Canadians emigrate to for work?
Maine, NH, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York
212
What was the religious affiliation of Loyalists and English immigrants in Lower Canada?
Protestant (Anglican)
213
What was the first education law established in Lower Canada?
Royal Institution Act (1801)
214
Who was the first Anglican bishop of the Diocese of Quebec?
Jacob Mountain
215
What did the Anglican Church receive to build churches and schools?
1/7 of unused land (clergy reserves)
216
What event caused the War of 1812?
European Napoleonic wars and blockades affecting US and British trade
217
What was the outcome of the War of 1812?
Ended in 1814 with Treaty of Ghent, no territorial changes
218
What happened to the fur trade after the decline in demand?
North West Company expanded west but faced high costs and conflicts
219
What two companies merged in 1821 to gain a fur trade monopoly?
North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company
220
What replaced fur fashion in Europe?
Silk hats
221
What became the main export of Lower Canada after the decline of the fur trade?
Timber
222
What infrastructure improvements were made due to the timber trade?
Roads, bridges, canals (Lachine Canal, 1825), railways (first in 1836)
223
When was the Bank of Montreal founded?
1817
224
How did the decline of the fur trade affect First Nations and Inuit economies?
Hurt FNP economy; timber trade destroyed hunting lands
225
What was the main crop grown by most farmers in Lower Canada?
Wheat
226
What were the problems faced by wheat farmers in Lower Canada?
* Wet climate
* Short summers
* Overcrowded farmland
* Soil depletion
* Wheat flies damaging crops
227
What resulted from the wheat production crisis in Lower Canada?
Had to buy wheat from Upper Canada to avoid famine
228
What were some responses of farmers to the wheat crisis?
* Abandoned farms
* Moved to cities
* Moved to new, poor farming areas
* Moved to northeastern U.S. (New England)
229
What grew in the early 1800s in Lower Canada?
Canadian Nationalism
## Footnote
Focused on protecting Catholic religion, French language, and French civil law.
230
What were popular assemblies in Lower Canada used for?
To celebrate French Canadian identity
## Footnote
Groups like Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste were formed.
231
What contributed to the growth of British Nationalism in Lower Canada?
Arrival of Loyalists and British/Scottish immigrants
## Footnote
Supported British culture, language, and Protestant religion.
232
What did British Nationalists want from French Canadians?
To adopt British ways and be loyal subjects
233
What were the two main political parties in Lower Canada?
Tory Party and Parti Canadien (later Parti Patriote)
## Footnote
Tory Party represented British business interests.
234
What was a main issue concerning canal financing?
Tories wanted canals for Upper and Lower Canada; Parti Canadien wanted canals only for Lower Canada
235
What significant financial issue arose in 1819?
Lower Canada stopped sharing tariff money with Upper Canada
236
What was the dispute over subsidies about?
Who controls subsidies to pay debts and fund projects
237
Who was the leader of the Parti Patriote?
Louis-Joseph Papineau
238
What did the Parti Patriote advocate for?
More democracy and criticism of British rule
## Footnote
Became more radical over time, with some wanting independence.
239
What was the difference between reformist and radical positions?
Reformists wanted change but to keep ties with Britain; radicals wanted independence and used illegal means if necessary
240
How did reformists and radicals raise awareness of their issues?
Using newspapers, assemblies, and protests
241
What economic problems did Lower Canada face in the 1830s?
Poor wheat harvest, poverty, and epidemics
242
What did the British refuse to create for French Canadians?
New seigneuries
243
What happened to seigneurial dues during this period?
They increased
244
What did the British do regarding land in Eastern Townships?
Kept it for immigrants only
245
What action did the British take against political meetings?
Used military to break them up
246
What did Papineau urge to weaken the British economy?
Boycott of British goods
247
What political ideas inspired Republicanism in Lower Canada?
American political ideas
## Footnote
Republicanism in Lower Canada was influenced by the principles of democracy and civic participation prevalent in the United States.
248
What was the main goal of the Parti Patriote?
Questioned monarchy and pushed for more citizen participation
## Footnote
The Parti Patriote aimed to increase democracy and representation for the citizens of Lower Canada.
249
What were the 92 Resolutions?
Written by Parti Patriote, criticized government favoring British minority
## Footnote
The 92 Resolutions outlined the demands of the Parti Patriote for reform and greater representation.
250
List three demands included in the 92 Resolutions.
* Elect legislative council (not appointed)
* Assembly control governor’s budget
* More Canadians in government
* Protect French language and law
* Responsible government
## Footnote
These demands sought to address the inequities faced by the French-speaking population and to establish a more accountable government.
251
Who opposed the 92 Resolutions and what was the outcome?
Governor Aylmer opposed and dissolved assembly
## Footnote
This action led to further political unrest and the eventual re-election of the Parti Patriote.
252
Who was the new governor sent by Britain to fix issues in Lower Canada?
Lord Gosford
## Footnote
Lord Gosford's appointment came after the dissolution of the assembly and aimed to stabilize the situation.
253
What were the Russell Resolutions?
British Parliament rejected all 92 resolutions
## Footnote
This rejection angered the Parti Patriote and escalated tensions in Lower Canada.
254
What actions did the Parti Patriote take in response to the Russell Resolutions?
Held protests and boycotted British goods
## Footnote
These actions were part of a larger resistance against British authority and policies.
255
What measures did Governor Gosford take during the budget crisis?
Banned popular assemblies and dissolved assembly
## Footnote
These measures aimed to suppress dissent but further inflamed tensions among the population.
256
What were the names of the radical groups formed during the rebellions?
* Fils de la Liberté (Patriots’ armed group)
* Doric Club (Anglophone armed group against Patriots)
## Footnote
These groups represented the polarized sentiments within Lower Canada during the rebellions.
257
What happened to Papineau after being accused of treason?
Fled to U.S.
## Footnote
Papineau's flight was a significant event, as he was a leading figure in the Patriote movement.
258
Which battles were significant during the rebellions of 1837-1838?
* Saint-Denis: Patriots won
* Saint-Charles and Saint-Eustache: British won
## Footnote
These battles were pivotal in the conflict between the Patriots and British forces.
259
What was the stance of the bourgeoisie regarding the demands during the rebellion?
Supported demands but divided on methods
## Footnote
The bourgeoisie had conflicting views on how to achieve their goals.
260
What was the position of the clergy during the rebellion?
Opposed rebellion and urged loyalty to Britain
## Footnote
The clergy played a role in maintaining loyalty to the British crown.
261
Why did the seigneurs oppose the Patriots?
Due to loss of privileges
## Footnote
Seigneurs were concerned about their social and economic status.
262
What was the general population's support level for the Patriots?
Most supported Patriots, few fought
## Footnote
This indicates a disparity between support and active participation.
263
Who declared Lower Canada independent in 1838?
Robert Nelson and others
## Footnote
This declaration was part of a broader rebellion effort.
264
What was the British response to the Declaration of Independence?
Didn’t accept it
## Footnote
The British maintained control over the Canadian territories.
265
What organization did the Patriots form to prepare for more rebellion?
Frères Chasseurs
## Footnote
This group aimed to organize further resistance.
266
What was the fate of many Patriots after the rebellion?
Killed, jailed, or deported (to Australia)
## Footnote
The aftermath was severe for those involved in the rebellion.
267
What did reformers in Upper Canada want?
Elected council and responsible government
## Footnote
This demand was aimed at increasing democratic governance.
268
Who led the rebellion in Upper Canada?
William Lyon Mackenzie
## Footnote
Mackenzie was a key figure in the reform movement.
269
What was the outcome of the rebellion at Toronto?
Rebels defeated
## Footnote
This defeat marked a significant setback for reform efforts.
270
What did Lord Durham investigate?
Causes of rebellions
## Footnote
His report aimed to understand the underlying issues.
271
What was one of Lord Durham's proposals?
Responsible government to give assembly more power
## Footnote
This proposal aimed to enhance democratic governance.
272
What did Lord Durham propose regarding Canada’s structure?
Unite Upper and Lower Canada to make English majority in government
## Footnote
This was intended to shift the balance of power.
273
What language did Lord Durham propose to make official?
English
## Footnote
This proposal was controversial, especially among French speakers.
274
What was the response of Canadians to the idea of union proposed by Lord Durham?
Opposed union, feared loss of culture and language
## Footnote
Many Canadians valued their cultural identity.
275
What was the British stance on the proposals in the Durham Report?
Favored union but opposed responsible government fearing loss of control
## Footnote
The British were concerned about maintaining authority over Canada.
276
What years encompass Cartier's voyages?
1534-1541
## Footnote
Cartier's voyages were crucial for the exploration of Canada.
277
In what year was Quebec City founded?
1608
## Footnote
Quebec City became one of the first permanent European settlements in North America.
278
What significant change occurred in 1663 in Canada?
Royal government established
## Footnote
This marked the transition from a chartered company to direct royal control.
279
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713?
Territorial changes in North America
## Footnote
The treaty ended the War of the Spanish Succession and had implications for colonial territories.
280
What conflict occurred in 1754 in North America?
Clash in the Ohio Valley
## Footnote
This conflict was part of the larger French and Indian War.
281
What event occurred in 1755 involving the Acadians?
Deportation of the Acadians
## Footnote
This was a significant event that involved the forced removal of Acadian people from their homeland.
282
What major conflict began in 1756?
7 years war
## Footnote
This global conflict involved many great powers and was fought in multiple theaters.
283
What was captured in 1758 that was significant to Canada?
Louisbourg
## Footnote
The capture of Louisbourg was a strategic victory for the British in the Seven Years' War.
284
Which battle took place in 1759?
Battle of the Plains of Abraham
## Footnote
This decisive battle led to British control of Quebec.
285
What occurred in Montreal in 1760?
Capitulation of Montreal
## Footnote
This marked the end of French rule in Canada.
286
What treaty was signed in 1763 that ended the Seven Years' War?
Treaty of Paris
## Footnote
This treaty significantly altered the territorial holdings in North America.
287
What significant uprising occurred in 1763?
Pontiac's revolt
## Footnote
This was an indigenous resistance against British rule following the Seven Years' War.
288
What treaty was signed in 1783?
Treaty of Paris
## Footnote
This treaty recognized American independence and affected British territories in North America.
289
What legislation was enacted in 1791?
Constitutional Act
## Footnote
This act divided Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada and established a new government structure.
290
What was significant about the Quebec Act of 1774?
Expanded Quebec's territory and granted religious freedom
## Footnote
This act was pivotal in addressing the rights of French Canadians.
291
What were the 92 Resolutions of 1834?
A series of demands for political reform
## Footnote
These resolutions were presented by the Assembly of Lower Canada.
292
What were the Russell resolutions of 1837?
A response to the grievances of the Canadian colonies
## Footnote
These resolutions aimed to address issues raised by the colonists.
293
What years did the rebellions in Canada occur?
1837-1838
## Footnote
These rebellions were against the colonial government and sought reform.
294
What was the purpose of the Durham report in 1839?
To investigate the causes of the rebellions and propose reforms
## Footnote
The report recommended the union of Upper and Lower Canada.
