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BOT 380 > History of Medicinal Plants > Flashcards

History of Medicinal Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Pollen

A
  • evidence of plant pollen in 60 000 year old Paleolithic graves
  • pollen from five flowering plant genera that are known to have medicinal properties
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2
Q

Fungus

A
  • frozen prehistoric man found carrying bracket fungus
  • fungus contains agaric acid (laxative) and toxins against some bacteria and parasites
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3
Q

Mesotpotamia and Plant use

A
  • very knowledgable in math and science but generally believe disease is caused by supernatural powers
  • emphasize ritual and religion to find cures
  • specialists ritual and religon to find cures
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4
Q

What is Chinese Traditional Medicine based on?

A
  • natural laws of yin and gang and five elements
  • herbs used to create balance between them
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5
Q

Shennong 2700 BC (mythical diety)

A
  • father of medicine and agriculture
  • credited for first chinese herbal “pen ts’ao ching”
  • document listed 365 medicines from plants, animals, minerals (ephedra, opium, tea)
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6
Q

What is Indian (ayurvedic) medicine based on?

A

practical and holistic set of guideline to maintain balance and harmony

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7
Q

What is ‘Vedas’

A
  • series of written sanskrit hymns
  • used to pass knowledge and wisdom between generations
  • oldest is Rig Veda- includes formulas for medicines, herbal use and surgeries
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8
Q

Who is George Ebers? What did he do?

A
  • german egyptologist
  • finds oldest surviving medical text in Luxor, Egypt in 1874
  • named is Codex Ebers (lists 876 herbal formulas using 500 plants, contains knowledge dating from before 3000 BC)
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9
Q

Garlic (Genus)

A
  • Allium Sativum
  • genus: allium (onions, leeks, chives)
  • allium from celtic word “all” (pungent, burning, smarting)
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10
Q

Traditional Uses of Garlic

A
  • placed by ancient Greeks at cross roads as a supper offering for the Goddess Hecate
  • egyptians believed it strengthened the body and prevented disease
  • greek soldiers ate garlic before going into battle to give courage and increase odds of victory
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11
Q

What are superstitions associated with Garlic

A
  • if a person running a race chews on a clove, it will prevent competitors from passing them
  • associated with evil (garlic and onion spring from where Satan’s feel touched in garden of Eden)
  • associated with good (protective/white magic)
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12
Q

The chemistry of Garlic

A
  • is an Alliin: stable odorless derivative of cysteine
  • when garlic is damaged, allinase is released, converting allin to allicin
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13
Q

Allicin (smell and function)

A
  • is responsible for garlic’s flavor and smell
  • is relatively unstable
  • first isolated by Cavallito and Bailey in 1940s
  • allicin activates temp sensitive ion channels found in sensory neurons
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14
Q

What two compounds can be extracted from garlic? and what technique is used for both?

A
  • diallyl disulfide: heat garlic in boiling water to form a distilled oil (1st compound isolated from garlic in late 1800s - Theodor Wertheim, 1844, detoxifying, antimicrobial)
  • ajoene: from garlic macerate (cut up in oil, Wirth et al., 2018, antioxidant, anti-clotting)
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15
Q

What were the historical medical uses of garlic?

A
  • pre 1928, was used as a pre-antibiotic (Louis Pasteur)
  • in 20th century, was used as an antiseptic against gangrene (used to control wound infections during both world wars, raw juice diluted and put on pieces of sphagnum moss)
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16
Q

What are the health promoting benefits of Garlic that were known/used in the early 1980s?

A
  • eating garlic reduced blood pressure (has blood thinning properties similar to Aspirin)
  • contributes to lowered cholesterol and triglyceride levels
  • garlic extracts can decrease risk of coronary thrombosis and stroke
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17
Q

What is modern research focusing on in relation to garlic?

A

correlate garlic compounds with reduction of heart disease factors

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18
Q

Explain the Garlic Dilemma

A
  • the most potent medicinal effects are seen with ingestion of RAW garlic
  • the garlic aroma reduces most individual’s desire to eat sufficient amount of raw garlic (sulfur compounds enter the bloodstream, exhaled or sweated out)
  • modern goal is to generate garlic pills without the associated smell (is it though, the sulfur compounds that yield health benefits?)
19
Q

What is the purpose for producing sulfur containing compounds?

A
  • protect allium species against decay by fungal species
  • strong taste of allicin and other diallyl disulfides, inhibit animal foraging of underground plant parts, like bulbs
20
Q

Asclepius

A
  • greek God of medicine
  • son of Apollo
  • treats the sick with help from his daughters Hygieia and Panacea
21
Q

Hippocrates

A
  • was the first to examine patients closely, uses case studies
  • ideas on health are cornerstone of European medicine until Pasteur’s germ theory
  • uses warming, cooling and healing herbs
  • four humors: hot, cold, dry, wet
22
Q

Theophrastus

A
  • “father of botany”
  • student of Plato and Aristotle
  • writes historia plantarum
23
Q

Historia Plantarum

A
  • written by Theophrastus
  • 300 BC
  • inquiry into plants
  • standard reference for 1000 years
  • rejects mysterious practices associated with plant collection
24
Q

Dioscorides and De Materia Medica

A
  • greek physician moved to rome
  • 1st century AD
  • compiles the De Materia Medica
  • portrays use, properties, cultivation of 600 plants
  • recognizes growth and production factors of plant compounds
  • refers to uses and preparations of many herbal remedies
25
Q

Galen

A
  • physician to Marcus Aurelius
  • follows ideas of Hippocrates and puts them into practice
  • uses dissections to understand organisms and to practice surgeries
26
Q

What are ‘Galenicals’?

A
  • designed by Galen
  • expensive concoctions of herbs and animal parts
27
Q

What was Europe’s first ‘Herbal”

A

De Materia Medica became the standard reference in Europe

28
Q

Which empire had influence after the fall of the Roman empire?

A
  • the Arabian empire
  • arabian herbalism simplifies Galen’s medicines
  • also develops pharmacy as a different discipline than medicine
29
Q

Who was Avicenna?

A
  • persian court physician
  • creates ‘Canon of Medicine’
  • identifies plants that can be used for analgesia and anesthesia prior to surgery
30
Q
A
31
Q

Malaria

A
  • infects between 300-300 million people each year
  • widespread disease distribution
  • correlation with bad air and swamps
32
Q

Causes of Malaria

A
  • four species of protozoans from the genus Plasmodium cause different forms of disease
  • symptoms include: reoccurring bouts of fever and chills and anemia
  • malaria is initiated by a bite of female Anopheles mosquito which carries the parasite in its saliva and injects it into the blood stream
33
Q

Merozoites

A
  • merosoites are created from sporozoite forming of parasite multiples in liver
  • they invade red blood cells, multiply rapidly, deplete hemoglobin, red blood cells rupture and new generation of merozoites release
34
Q

Discovery of Malaria Cure in Late 16th century

A
  • spanish invade Incan empire in Peru
  • observe that natives used the bark of a mountain rain forest tree to treat fevers
  • in 1645, father Tafur took the bark to rome as a cure for “the ague” (malaria)
35
Q

Intro of Bark to Europe

A
  • 1650, England: British protestants reluctant to try Catholic concoction
  • 1680s: Peruvian Bark was standard treatment
  • 1820: two French chemists, Pelletier and Caventou isolated the alkaloid Quinine from the bark
36
Q

Genus Cinchona

A
  • cinchona officinalis
  • first species to be described
  • Andean highlands of Ecuador and Peru
  • glossy leaves and pink or yellow flowers
37
Q

Quinine

A
  • compound found in peruvian tree bark
  • odorless white powder
  • bitter taste
  • alkaloid
38
Q

How does Quinine interfere with merozoite action?

A
  • concentrates in parasite food vacuoles
  • prevents polymerization of heme into hemozoin resulting in toxicity to the parasite
39
Q

Synthetic anti-malarial drugs

A
  • USA and Britain synthesized quinine analogues during world was II
  • chloroquine, malarone, mefloquine
  • used to target different Plasmodium life cycle stages and strains
40
Q

What does overuse of synthetic anti-malarial drugs lead to?

A
  • leads to resistant Plasodium strains
  • this lead to resurgence of interest in natural quinine
41
Q

Wormwood

A
  • a quinine alternative
  • Artemisia annua
  • chinese herbal medicine used in fever reduction
  • contains terpene compound called artemisinin which interacts with heme to form free radicals that kill parasites
  • more effective synthetic versions have been creative
42
Q

Science and herbology in 1800-1900s

A
  • purification of plant compounds
  • synthesis of plant compounds in laboratories
  • medicine turns away from herbs and towards technology (medical schools focus of pharm, not bot)
43
Q

Science and Herbology in 2000

A
  • return to use of herbs and plant extracts in some countries
  • herbs are prescribed in a specific way
44
Q

What is the Nagoya Protocol?

A
  • established in 2014
  • objective: fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity

BOT 380 (17 decks)

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