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BOT 380 > Stimulants 2 > Flashcards

Stimulants 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Genus and Family Name for Tobacco

A
  • genus Nicotiana
  • family Solanaceae
  • nicotiana tabacum
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2
Q

Tobacco was a traditional medicine used to treat

A

asthma, cough, toothache, sedative

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3
Q

Introduction of Tobacco to Europe

A
  • 1492, columbus in Cuba
  • 1500, Jean Nicot introduces tobacco to France
  • 1700, linnaeus
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4
Q

Tobacco and US colonization

A
  • 1612, virginia colony obtains seeds of N.tabacum which becomes knows as Virginia tobacco
  • 1619, major export of American colonies to england
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5
Q

Tobacco Plantations

A
  • forerunners of other plantations: tea, coffee, cotton, hemp and wheat
  • harvesting tobacco dangerous
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6
Q

Green tobacco sickness

A
  • essentially nicotine poisoning
  • occurs in contact with with tobacco or sweat
  • symptoms: nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness
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7
Q

Nicotine

A
  • major alkaloid in tobacco
  • stored in leaf
  • synthesized in root
  • derived from aspartic acid
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8
Q

Wilhelm Posselt and Karl Reinmann

A
  • 1828, Germany
  • isolated nicotine from the tobacco plant and identified it as a poison
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9
Q

Alkaloid class from nicotine

A

Pyrrolidine

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10
Q

Physiological Responses to Nicotine

A
  • stimulant, depressant, tranqulizer, narcotic
  • analgesic-life effects
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11
Q

Effects of Nicotine in PNS

A
  • low nicotine concentrations: increased bp, increased heart rate, nausea, dizziness, general weakness, muscle relaxant
  • high nicotine: convulsions, death by suffocations, paralysis of muscles in respiration
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12
Q

Effects of Nicotine in CNS

A

suppressions appetite, reduces anxiety, activates dopaminergic reward reward system

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13
Q

Pharmacodynamics of Nicotine

A
  • affects CNS and PNS
  • mimics acetylcholine at nAChRs that present throughout the body
  • acts as agonist
  • desensitizes the receptor
  • then acts as an agonist
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14
Q

Secondary Mechanism of Nicotine

A

may cause release of epinephrine from adrenal glands, norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain

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15
Q

nAChR is a sodium channel

A
  • binding of acetylcholine to the receptor opens the Na channel
  • action potential produced is an electrical signal that activated downstream neurons or target organs
  • nicotine competes with acetylcholine for binding to the receptor
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16
Q

pharmacokinetics of Nicotine

A
  • smoking tobacco: efficient at drug delivery, 90% of inhaled nicotine has potential to be absorbed, 12mg of nicotine in a cig, 1mg delivered
  • toxicity: lethal dose, 60mg
  • addiction: 15 cigs/day (7.5-30mg)
  • fetal effects: nicotine and other compounds can cross the placenta
17
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of nicotine

A

-craving, mood changes, cognitive deficits, sleep disturbance
- increased correlation of depression and smoking

18
Q

positive reinforcement of nicotine

A

nicotine causes mood elevation and cognitive enhancement, reward due to stimulation of dopamine limbic system

19
Q

negative reinforcement of nicotine

A

anxiety reduction

20
Q

Treatment of nicotine addiction

A
  • may treat with nicotine replacement (patches, gum, etc.) to try to break with smoking habit first
  • treatment with antidepressants
21
Q

Areca catechu - where and what?

A
  • palm tree cultivated in india, asia and africa
  • fruit contains a nut with a single seed and seed coat
  • nuts are chewed with lime as ‘Betel’
22
Q

How does betel act as a stimulant?

A
  • contains pyridine alkaloids (arecoline is most abundant)
  • agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
23
Q

effects of arecoline

A
  • increased rate and bp
  • increases memory and speed of mental processing
  • links of chewing to oral cancer
24
Q

Erythroxylon coca

A
  • native to columbia, ecuador, bolivia, Western Brazil
  • small bushy shrub like tree grows in warm moist valleys
  • niche occupied by few other plant species
  • leaves produce cocaine
25
Q

Domestication of Erythroxylon coca

A
  • large scale cultivation in Peru, Bolivia, Columbia
  • first cultivated in Eastern Andes of Bolivia 7000 years ago
  • often grown on mountain terraces called cocales
26
Q

Historical Coca leaf use

A
  • leaves are highly valued
  • used by Andes and Amazon region peoples to allay huger and fatigue
  • high vitamin level
  • chew dried green leaves with mineral lime (lime for absorption)
27
Q

Historical use of Coca Leaf

A
  • important to Inca culture in Peru (treated as currency)
  • spanish adopt this currency (use leaves to pay native laborers)
28
Q

Angelo Mariani

A
  • introduced coca plant to European society
  • produced a beverage that was a mix of red bordeaux wine and coca leaf extract
  • produced in paris
  • dispensed by prescription
29
Q

Celebrity Endorsements of Mariani wine

A
  • Jules Verne
  • Pope Leo Xiii
30
Q

Coca and the USA

A
  • 1880s american pharmacist concocts intellectual beverage based on Vin Mariani
  • 1886, prohibition in Atlanta (wine is replaced with sugar syrup)
31
Q
A

BOT 380 (17 decks)

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