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BOT 380 > Plant Survival and Defense > Flashcards

Plant Survival and Defense Flashcards

1
Q

Survival techniques for evolution of photosynthesizing land plants had to adapt to life outside of water

A
  • growth above ground
  • reduction of desiccation
  • strategies for dispersal and pollination
  • chemical communication between plants
  • strategies for defense
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2
Q

growth above ground

A
  • xylem and phloem for water and food transfer
  • lignin and bark give strength and rigidity to cells
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3
Q

reduction of desiccation

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • stomata regulate gas exchange and water retention
  • sporopollenin and seeds protect reproductive structures
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4
Q

strategies for dispersal and pollination

A
  • birds, insects, and animals
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5
Q

chemical communication between plants

A
  • Occurs as cooperative warning system as well as a way to deter
    competitors from invading space
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6
Q

strategies for defense

A

mechanical and chemical strategies to reduce herbivory

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7
Q

Mechanical Strategies

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • tough leaves
  • physical defenses
  • mimicry
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8
Q

What is Convergent Evolution

A
  • similar physical features appear in plants found in different locations
  • logically, the same response is seen for the production of secondary plant compounds
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9
Q

Purpose of Secondary Metabolites?

A
  • attract pollinators and seed dispersers
  • deter growth of other competing plant species
  • act as signals between plants and symbiotic organisms
  • defense
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10
Q

Attracting pollinators and Seed Dispersers

A
  • fruits are brightly coloured to attract birds ( they disperse seeds far from parent
  • when seeds are developing fruit is not as palatable and lacks color, they may contain secondary compounds, change in test and color occur when seeds are ready to be dispersed
  • fruits may contain compounds that deter insects and are still edible for birds and mammals
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11
Q

What is flower color and smell often a product of?

A
  • phenolic compounds like anthocyanidine or anthocyanins
  • both belong to large class of molecules called Flavonoids
  • synthesized through the combination of amino acids: phenylalanine and tyrosine
  • anthocyanidins + sugar = anthocyanins
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12
Q

What role for anthocyanidins and anthocyanins play?

A
  • both play a role in plant protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • some suggested health benefits related to quenching ROS
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13
Q

Define Alleopathy

A

chemical defence to defend territory

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14
Q

Deter growth of other plant species

A
  • plant defence against other competitors
  • plants release toxins into soil or air that discourages other plant species from growing
  • many examples of these volatile compounds are terpenes orphenolics
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15
Q

Examples of volatile compounds (terpenes or phenolics)

A
  • juglans nigra (black walnut) releases juglone into soil, inhibits seed germination of specific plant competitors
  • Eucalyptus regnans (eucalyptus) lead litter produces allelopathic chemicals against some soil microbes and plant species
  • Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) roots produce Ailanthone to kill of surrounding plants
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16
Q

Symbiotic Signals between plants

A
  • plant communication may be cooperative
  • plants may release volatile secondary metabolites when damaged or stressed
17
Q

Function of VOC’s

A
  • when released, VOC’s may signal neighbouring plants of the same species to activate defences before being attacked themselves
  • may also. be received by plants of different species
  • if the different species plant can appropriately perceive the signal, it too can increase its defence mechanisms
18
Q

example of Volatile Compound Communication

A
  • sage tomato
  • when crushed, sage releases methyl jasmonate
  • jasmonate stimulates nearby tomato plants to produce protease inhibitory that kill grazing insects
19
Q

Jasmonic acid and Methyl Jasmonate

A
  • lipid derived plant hormones involved in regulation of plant development (derived from linolenic acid)
  • produced in response to plant damage
  • increased levels activate signaling pathways and expression of secondary compounds
20
Q

Plant defence

A
  • plants produce secondary compounds to reduce grazing (predators include bacteria, fungi, insects and mammals)
  • secondary compounds work due to a variety of characteristics (bad taste, physiological effect, reproductive and developmental effects
21
Q

Why do grazers avoid the Coca plant and coffee leaves?

A

due to the presence of alkaloid compounds
- glycoalkaloids bind to cell membranes of skin cells on mouth and tongue to break down tissues lining mouth and stomach

22
Q

What family do the sprouting potato and unripe tomato come from?

A

the Solanaceae family

23
Q

Coumarin

A
  • found in sweet clover
  • is a phenolic compound
  • over-ingestion causes internal bleeding in mammals
24
Q

What are some other examples of Coumarin and its uses?

A
  • synthetic coumarin used as rodenticide (known as Warfarin)
  • other derivatives are used medicinally, treatment for strokes and blood clots (known as Coumadin)
25
Q

Polyacetylene

A
  • a photosensitive and activated compound
  • produced by daisies
  • armyworms eat daisies - if worm is exposed to sunlight, the compounds it ingested become toxic and result in worm’s death
26
Q

Furanocoumarins

A
  • light induced chemical toxins for defensive purposes (St. john’s wort, Rue, Buckwheat)
  • phenolic compounds like flavanoids that absorb UV light (protect plants from DNA damage)
  • ingestion of these plants followed by sun exposure may result in skin rashes on the predator
27
Q

Photodermatitis

A
  • when plant oils containing furanocoumarins contact skin
  • exposure to sunlight following plant ingestion or contact can cause irritation, blistering, hyperpigmentation of the skin
28
Q

Psoriasis Treatment

A
  • Psoriasis is an immune system condition that results in thick, red, scaly skin patches
  • psoralen is a furanocoumarin that is used to treat psoriasis
29
Q

Name Anti-Insect Strategies

A
  • toxic compound production
  • compound production (pest deterrent)
  • Volatile emission
  • mutagens
30
Q

What are some terpene compounds widely used by humans (insecticides)

A
  • red cedar terpenes repel moths in clothes closets
  • mummies prepared with pine and fir resins to deter insects
  • neem trees produce azadirachtin, a complex insecticidal terpene with extra properties
31
Q

How do insects fight back to defences of the plant?

A
  • eating strategies (ex. daisy worm has specialized mouthparts)
  • adapt to plant chemical strategies
  • gains ability to metabolize specific toxic secondary compounds
  • borrowing chemical strategies (danaid butterflies)
  • attracted to toxic plant chemical
32
Q

What is a necrotroph

A

a parasitic organism that kills the living cells of its host and then feeds on the dead matter

33
Q

What is a biotroph?

A

any parasite that cannot survive in a dead host and therefore keeps its alive

34
Q

What is a hemibiotroph?

A

an organism that is parasitic in living tissue for some time and then continues to live in dead tissue

35
Q

Describe the plant immune system

A
  1. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)- triggered Immunity (PTI): pathogen detected by plant Pattern recognition receptors
  2. effector-triggered susceptibility: pathogens suppress plant PTI
  3. effector-triggered immunity: plants have acquired ‘R’ proteins that detect effectors and create a secondary response
36
Q

What are the three main components of plant defence signalling?

A
  • salicylic acid
  • jasmonic acid
  • ethylene
37
Q

What is the role of Salicylic acid in the intracellular signalling cascade?

A
  • triggers a change in the cells redox potential
  • this causes the translocation of NRP1 to the nucleus to activate SA-regulated genes
38
Q

What is the role of Jasmonic acid in the intracellular signalling cascade?

A
  • triggers the proteasomal degradation of JAZ
  • reduction of JAZ (JA gene transcriptional repressor) results in elevated transcription of JA genes
39
Q

What is the role of Ethylene in the intracellular signalling cascade?

A
  • triggers signalling by repressing protreasomal degradation of ET responsive transcription factors

BOT 380 (17 decks)

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