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BOT 380 > Psychoactive Plants > Flashcards

Psychoactive Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Hallucinogen

A

any agent that causes alterations in perception, cognition and mood as its primary psychobiological actions in the presence of an otherwise clear sensorium

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2
Q

Psychedelic

A

from the greek meaning: “mind manifesting” or “mind expanding”

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3
Q

psychotomimetics

A

-‘ induce psychotic states’
- compared to symptoms of schizophrenia

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4
Q

Traditional use of Hallucinogenic plants

A
  • used worldwide by indigenous peoples for magic, medical and religous purposes
  • early societies believe that the plants are gifts from the gods
  • are used to mediate between man and the supernatural
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5
Q

Albert Hofmann

A
  • 1949
  • synthesis of LSD
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6
Q

Aldous Huxley

A
  • author
  • documents uses
  • “doors of perception” (portrayal of his mescaline experiences)
  • “Brave new world” (‘soma’ is the new social drug of the future)
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7
Q

Psychoplastogen

A

small molecules that produce rapid and sustained structural and functional neural plasticity

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8
Q

Modern use of Hallucinogens

A

are being considered therapeutics for depression, addiction and PTSD

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9
Q

Hallucinogens in clinical development

A
  • MDMA: in conjunction with psychotherapy for PTSD, anxiety and eating disorders
  • psilocybin: for treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety and depression
  • LSD: cluster headaches and anxiety
  • ibogaine: addiction
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10
Q

Monoamine Hallucinogens

A
  • indole and catechol hallucinogens
  • target serotonin related pathways
  • vivid sensory effects
  • perception is altered while maintaining contact with real world
  • low toxicity (no overdose)
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11
Q

Indole group

A

N-H

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12
Q

Claviceps purpurea: Ergot

A
  • parasitic fungus
  • fungal spores grow hyphae into ovaries of grain to obtain nutrients
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13
Q

symptoms of Ergotism

A

gangrene, nervous spasms, psychotic delusions, convulsions

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14
Q

Salem witch trials and Ergotism

A
  • suggested that the trials may have resulted from and outbreak of ergotism
  • suggested that the ‘great fear’ of peasant revolt in 1789 where many ‘lost their heads’ may have occurred due to ingestion of ‘bad flour’
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15
Q

Chemical compounds of Ergot effects on receptors

A

show both antagonistic and agonist effects on serotonin, dopamine and adrenergic receptors

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16
Q

Ergot Compounds

A

ergoline, ergotamine, lysergic acid, ergine

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17
Q

Modern Uses of Ergot

A
  • uterine contractions
  • treat migraine
  • reduce prolactin levels resulting from pituitary tumors
  • reduce postpartum hemorrhage
  • treat senility and Alzeimer’s dementia
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18
Q

Where is LSD derived from?

A
  • is a synthetic compound derived from Ergoloids
  • acts as a model for plant-derived psychedelic’s mechanism of action
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19
Q

LSD characteristics

A
  • most potent example of a hallucinogenic lysergic acid derivative
  • odorless and tasteless
  • small doses intensify perception and large doses cause hallucination
  • rapid and complete tolerance develops for behavioral effects after 4-7 days, lasting for 3 days
  • not addictive, no withdrawal symptoms
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20
Q

LSD mechanism of Action

A
  • LSD and related indole hallucinogenic alkaloids regulate serotonin pathways
  • LSD binds to multiple serotonin receptor subtypes
  • has both agonist and antagonist effects
  • tolerance due to downregulation of certain serotonin receptors
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21
Q

Good trips vs. Bad trips

A
  • good trip: profound perceptual distortions and hallucinations, heightened awareness of sensations and altered sense of self
  • bad trip: panic episode brought on by dislike of drug’s effects and fear that the experience will not end
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22
Q

Morning Glories

A
  • possess lysergic acid
  • found in seeds called ololiuqui
  • aztecs use these for divination
  • modern use by indigenous mexicans ( ground into flour, soaked in cold water, filtered and drunk)
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23
Q

Examples of Historical religous uses of Psilocybe species

A
  • Mexico and Central Americla
  • mushroom is called Teonancatl (God’s flesh)
24
Q

Characteristics of Psilocybe mushrooms

A
  • structurally similar to serotonin
  • effects similar to lysergic acid and LSD
25
Q

Timeline of Effects of Psilocybe Compounds

A
  • 30 min: dizziness, weakness and twitching
  • 30-60 min: visual effects seen, colors, patterns, wave motions, and dreaminess, sense of euphoria develops
  • 180 mins: normalcy returns
26
Q

Indole hallucinogens

A
  • lysergic acid
  • psilocybin
27
Q

catechol hallucinogens

A
  • mescaline
  • myristicin
28
Q

Peyote Cactus: Lophophora williamsii

A
  • small, spineless cactus
  • over 56 difference alkaloids identified in peyote
  • mescaline is the primary psychoactive alkaloid
29
Q

Pharmacology of Mescaline

A
  • similar to indole hallucinogens
  • contains catechol group
  • readily absorbed by body (poorly passes through bbb)
  • hallucination lasts 6-10 hours
30
Q

psychoactive dose of mescaline

A
  • dilation of pupils
  • increase in pulse rate and bp
  • elevation in body temp
31
Q

Cathechol Hallucinogenic structures mechanism of action

A
  • resembles catecholamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and dopamine)
  • effects suggested to mirror mechanism of indole hallucinogens
  • pharmacological activity is very similar to LSD
32
Q

History of Peyote

A
  • used by Aztecs (traditionally eaten during religious ceremonies, used by priests and their congregation
  • used in Texas 1760 (spread among regional indigenous tribes by 1880
  • native American Church (founded in 1918, groups practice ceremonial peyote use)
33
Q

preparation of Peyote

A
  • only the above ground portion is edible
  • crown is sliced into small discs
  • mescal buttons
  • can be eaten green or made into tea for drinking
  • dried and then eaten
  • dried mescal buttons remain psychoactive indefinitely
34
Q

Mytistica fragrans

A
  • nutmeg
  • contains a catecholamine hallucinogen (myristicin)
35
Q

Powdered nutmeg uses

A
  • used as hallucinogen in Old world
  • in Asia, often added to tobacco and chewed or snuffed
  • aphrodisiac powers
  • mace is also used
36
Q

Myristicin

A
  • terpenoid
  • hallucinogenic effect, similar to peyote
  • mix 1-6 tablespoons in water (serve hot)
  • toxic compounds result in hangover
37
Q

Plant hallucinogenic compounds that have amino acid targets and pathways

A
  • ibotenic acid
  • muscimol
38
Q

Amanita muscaria

A
  • fly agaric mushroom
  • widespread in NA and Asia
  • amino acid targets and pathways
39
Q

historical uses of Fly agaric

A
  • may be the oldest and most widely used hallucinogenic drug
  • the soma cult of the Indus valley
  • soma is a hallucinogenic plant thought to be a God
40
Q

Compounds from Amanita muscaria

A
  • muscimol, muscarine, ibotenic acid
41
Q

Ibotenic Acid

A
  • activates glutamate receptors
  • glutamate is an endogenous excitatory neurotransmitter
  • binds to receptors that act as ion channels or that are G-protein coupled
42
Q

Muscimol

A
  • thought ot be the most active compound in Fly agaric
  • GABA receptor agonist
  • produces state of confusion, disorientation, sensory disturbances
43
Q

Muscarine

A
  • does not seem to have a role in the psychoactive effects of Fly agaric
  • binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
44
Q

Effects of ingesting Fly agaric

A
  • onset is 15 min to an hour after ingestion
  • derangement of senses, then manic behavior
  • delirium and altered perception of size
  • desire for exaggerated physical activity
  • visual and acoustic hallucinations
  • general inhibition of motor function
  • after 12 hours, deep sleep
45
Q

Plant hallucinogenic compounds with cholinergic targets and pathways

A
  • scopolamine
  • also atropine, hyoscyamine
46
Q

History of scopolamine use

A
  • used clinically by 1910 (pre-anesthetic medication)
  • world was II (doctors prescribe it for American GIs to combat seasickness)
  • Gauss, german doctor, early 20th century (use drug to allow for “twilgiht sleep” for women during childbirth)
  • used as a tranquilizer in alcohol and drug withdrawal treatment
  • used in combination with morphine as a truth serum
47
Q

Modern Scopolamine Use

A
  • post-operative nausea
  • motion sickness
  • GI spasms
  • to aid in GI radiology and endoscopy
  • irritable bowel syndrome
  • eye inflammation
48
Q

Scopolamine

A
  • alkaloid
  • anti-muscarinic
  • hallucinogenic at higher doses
49
Q

CNS effects of scopolamine

A
  • as dosage increases, a behavioral pattern emerges
  • delirium, mental confusion, loss of attention, drowsiness, loss of memory for recent events, death
50
Q

What has been used as an antidote for scopolamine

A

phytostimine

51
Q

Source of Scopolamine

A
  • corkwood tree
  • Australia, Queensland and north and central new south wales
  • leaves have concentration of atropine and scopolamine
  • aborigines submerged branches of tree into eel populated pools
  • eels become lethargic and easy prey
52
Q

Other sources of scopolamine

A
  • other solanaceae species
  • hyoscyamous niger (Henbane)
  • atropa belladona
53
Q

Production of Scopolamine

A
  • 10 fold higher commercial demand for scopolamine than for hyoscymine and atropine combined
  • plants produce less scopolamine that the other alkaloids
54
Q

How to meet the demand for medicinal plant compounds?

A
  • cultivation
  • cell culturing approaches (callus, hairy root cultures
  • genetic engineering approach
55
Q

Hyoscyamous niger

A
  • henbane
  • high levels of H6H enzyme
  • active H6H gene (transcribed at high rates, produces larger amount of H6H mRNA
  • difficult to grow
56
Q

Atropa Belladonna

A
  • hyoscamine producer
  • lower amount of H6H enzyme produced
  • easy to grow, good candidate for cultivation

BOT 380 (17 decks)

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