Histotechniques Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Predominant cell type of the epidermis
A
Keratinocytes
2
Q
“-itis” means
A
Inflammation
3
Q
Vascular and EXUDATIVE; infiltration by the PMNs/neutrophils; INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
A
Acute inflammation
4
Q
Vascular and FIBROBLASTIC; infiltration by the MONONUCLEAR CELLS; granuloma formation
A
Chronic inflammation
5
Q
These are measurable indications of PHYSICAL OBSERVATION (e.g. fever, rashes, swelling)
A
Signs
6
Q
These are indicators as DESCRIBED BY THE PATIENT (e.g. headache, aches, fatigues, nausea)
A
Symptoms
7
Q
_____ wounds include lacerations, abrasions, punctures, incisions, and avulsions
A
Open
8
Q
_____ wounds include contusions, blisters, seroma, HEMATOMA, and crush injuries
A
Closed
9
Q
BENIGN tumor of epithelial origin
A
Papilloma
10
Q
MALIGNANT tumor of epithelial origin
A
Carcinoma
11
Q
Form of necrosis seen in TUBERCULOSIS and is characterized by a CHEESY APPEARANCE
A
Caseous
12
Q
Liquefaction (colliquative) necrosis is associated with what organ
A
Brain and spinal cord
13
Q
Mortality refers to
A
Death
14
Q
Purpose of autopsy
A
To know the cause of death
15
Q
of physicians involved to declare that a person is already dead
A
2
16
Q
1st and most critical step in histotechnology
A
Fixation
17
Q
Ideal pH of fixative
A
Neutral (6.0 - 8.0)
18
Q
Ideal osmolality of fixative
A
Slightly hypertonic (400 - 450 mOsm)
19
Q
Ratio of FIXATIVE to TISSUE volume
A
20:1
20
Q
Fixation is _____ by INCREASED size and thickness of tissues, presence of mucus, fat or blood, and cold temperature
A
Retarded
21
Q
Fixation is _____ by DECREASED size and thickness of tissues, and agitation
A
Enhanced
22
Q
__________ ACCELERATES fixation but hastens autolysis
A
Moderate heat (37-56C)
23
Q
It works as a physical agent to increase the movement of molecules and ACCELERATE fixation
A
Microwave
24
Q
Also used to ACCELERATE staining, decalcification, immunohistochemistry and electron microspcopy
A
Microwave
25
Chief advantage of microwave fixation
Tissue is heated right through the block in a very short period of time
26
900 mL water; 100 mL 37% formaldehyde, 3.5g monobasic sodium phosphate, 6.5g sodium phosphate dibasic
10% NBF formula
27
Commercial formalin is buffered with phosphate at a pH of
7.0
28
What is done to prevent formation of hematin when using formalin as a fixative
Add buffer
29
Both microanatomical and cytoplasmic fixative
Helly's fluid
30
Placing a fixed tissue in another fixative is called
Post-mordanting
31
Grossly NORMAL lungs when placed in a solution will
Float
32
Step done before decalcification
Fixation
33
When should decalcification be perfomed
After fixation and before impregnation
34
Ratio of DECALCIFYING AGENT to TISSUE volume
20:1
35
Decalcifying agent that contains hydrochloric acid
Von Ebner's
36
The most common and fastest decalcifying agent used
Nitric acid
37
Best way to detect the extent of decalcification
X-ray method
38
Ratio of DEHYDRATING AGENT to TISSUE volume
10:1
39
What is the grading of alcohol during tissue dehydration
Increasing
40
Dehydration starts by placing the fixed specimen in what % alcohol
70%
41
Last concentration of alcohol used in tissue dehydration
100%
42
Clearing is also known as
Dealcoholization
43
Property of a clearing agent in order to combine with dehydrating agent and paraffin wax
Miscibility
44
Cheap, most rapid, simplest, and most commonly used CLEARING AGENT
Xylene
45
Substitute for xylene and benzene
Toluene
46
Clearing agent recommended for CNS, smooth muscles and skin
Cedarwood oil
47
Xylene turns milky, what is the cause
Incomplete dehydration
48
Picric acid, sodium azide, silver salts and DIOXANE are _____ materials
Explosive
49
Most commonly used EMBEDDING MEDIUM
Paraffin wax
50
___ degrees of wax is normally used for routine work
56
51
Paraffin wax should be miscible with
Xylene (clearing agent)
52
Water present in paraffin wax can be removed by
Heating wax at 100-105C
53
Gives the fastest result for paraffin wax impregnation
Vacuum embedding medium
54
In double embedding, tissue is 1st infiltrated with _____, then embedded with _____
Infiltration = Celloidin
Embedding = Paraffin
55
Gilson's mixture is used in what embedding technique
Dry celloidin
56
Paraffin, paraffin substitutes, gelatin, celloidin, and plastic are used for
Infiltration and embedding
57
Autotechnician can perform
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration
58
Last container of the automatic tissue processor contains
Liquid paraffin
59
Involves treating tissue with HEAT AND XYLENE prior to staining after sectioning
Deparaffinization
60
Purpose of the BLACK COAT on the inner surface of the floatation water bath
To see folds or creases in sections
61
What step in tissue processing is affected if ORIENTATION of specimen is placed in INCORRECTLY
Microtomy
62
Who invented the microtome
Wilhelm His Sr.
63
Sliding microtome was invented by _____ (1789) and further developed by _____
Adams, Alexander Cummings
64
Invented the rocking (Cambridge) microtome (1881)
Paldwell Trefall
65
Invented the rotary microtome (1885-1886)
Minot
66
Invented the freezing microtome (1848)
Queckett
67
3 main parts of microtome
Block holder
Knife carrier and knife
Pawl, Ratchet Feed Wheel and Adjustment Screws
68
Simplest microtome
Rocking (Cambridge)
69
Microtome incorporated in the cryostat machine
Rotary (Minot)
70
Bevel angle
27-32 degrees
71
Clearance angle (knife to tissue block)
0-15 (5-10) degrees
72
Knife recommended for cutting paraffin-embedded sections on rotary microtome
Biconcave knife
73
Removal of gross NICKS (heel to toe, edge first)
Honing
74
Honing stones include
Belgium Yellow
Arkansas
Carborundum (fine)
75
Cover hone surface with thin film of SOAPY WATER for what purpose
Lubrication
76
Removal of gross BURRS (toe to heel, edge last)
Stropping
77
Stropping uses PADDLE STROP made up of
Horse leather
78
Tissue brittleness can be cause by prolonged
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration
79
Incomplete _____ will make the tissue opaque and difficult to cut due to the presence of alcohol
Clearing
80
Staining method in which tissue is first OVERSTAINED, then the excess stain is removed
Regressive staining
81
Routine H & E stain uses what staining method
Regressive staining
82
Process where action of the dye is INTENSIFIED by ANOTHER AGENT
Indirect staining
83
Serves as a link/bridge between tissue and the dye
Mordant
84
Renders the dye INSOLUBLE in aqueous and alcoholic solvents
Mordant
85
POTASSIUM ALUM in Ehrlich's hematoxylin and IRON in Weigert's hematoxylin are example of
Mordants
86
Tap water in routine staining is used for
Alkalinization
87
Scott's tap water is employed as
Blueing agent
88
The oldest of all stain
Iodine
89
Nuclear counterstains
Neutral red
Safranin O
Carmine
Hematoxylin
90
Derived from heartwood of a MEXICAN TREE known as H. campechianum
Hematoxylin
91
Color of nucleus using hematoxylin stain
Blue-purple
92
Stain for mitochondria
Janus Green
93
Stain for neuroglia
Victoria blue
94
A good mounting medium should have a refractive index similar to that of
Glass (1.518)
95
Component of aqueous mounting medium that INCREASES refractive index
Sugar
96
Purpose of poly-L-lysine
Adhesive
97
Process of sealing the margins of the coverslip
Ringing
98
Important slide is broken and replacement is unavailable. What to do
Transfer section (if still intact) to another slide
99
Source of MONOCLONAL antibody
Mouse/mice
100
Source of POLYCLONAL antibody for immunohistochemical tecniques
Rabbit
101
Other sources of polyclonal antibodies
Goat, pig, sheep, horse, guinea pig
102
Involves using of microwave and boiling the slides in a citric acid solution
Microwave antigen retrieval
103
Uses of microwave processing
Special staining
Immunohistochemistry
Rapid embedding
Antigen retrieval
104
It consists of cellular material which has been transferred from 1 smear to another, usually during staining
Floaters
105
Floaters may lead to a false-_____ evaluation if possible "floaters" adhere to negative smear (misdiagnosis)
False-positive
106
In CYTOSPIN slide preparation, the specimen is centrifuged at ___ RPM for ___ minute (s)
1000 RPM for 1 minute
107
Best type of fixative for exfoliative cytology
Equal parts of ethanol and ether
108
Most commonly used FIXATIVE for EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
95% ethyl alcohol
109
Fixative used for ALL TYPES of effusion if smears cannot be made immediately
50% alcohol
110
Still the method of choice for EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
Papanicolaou smear
111
Pap stain is composed of ___ nuclear stain (s) and ___ cytoplasmic stain (s)
Nuclear stain = 1
Cytoplasmic stain = 2
112
Components of the PAP STAIN
Hematoxylin
OG-6
EA-50
113
First counterstain used in Pap stain
OG-6
114
Second counterstain used in Pap stain
EA-50
115
In OG-6, phosphotungstic acid is added to serve as
Mordant
116
Advantage of liquid-based cytology
Cleaner background
117
Specimens for vaginal hormonal cytology are best collected from
Upper lateral 3rd of vaginal wall
118
It is a PALM LEAF-LIKE PATTERN seen in dried endocervical smear
Cytology ferning
119
What does a specimen labeled with BAL/BW indicate
Respiratory tract specimen
120
Number of chromosomal pairs
23
121
The MOST SENSITIVE fat stain known is
Sudan Black B
122
Pathology blocks and slides should be stored for how long
10 years
