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Flashcards in HIV Deck (30)
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1
Q

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND)

A

CNS diseases progresses in disability from asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) –>HIV-associated mild neurocognitive disorder (MND) –>HIV-associated dementia (HAD)

2
Q

HAND and HAD

A

frequent complication of infection with HIV and is defined as a slowly progressive demyelinating disease with neuronal loss of the CNS

3
Q

Epidemiology - Incidence of CNS disease: Pre-HAART

A

60% of advanced HIV/AIDS patients have neurological symptoms and 80→90% has evidence of neuropathology at autopsy

4
Q

Even with HAART, ?? occurs in 30% of people with AIDS and frank dementia occurs in 15% with an annual incidence after onset of AIDS of about 5%.

Risk factor for progression despite HAART ??

good prognostic indicators. ??

A

cognitive impairment

IVDA

Plasma and CSF viral load suppression

(persons >50-y-o-age with HIV infection (new or pre-existing) are “older.” 50% of all AIDS patients will fall within this group by 2015.)

5
Q

The ?? of HIV-D has significantly decreased but its ?? has increased, as HIV-positive patients live much longer than before the HAART era

A

incidence (less pts developing HIV)

prevalence (more pts alive)

6
Q

The prevalence of ?? seems to have increased, with reported prevalence between 20 and 50% of HIV-positive patients.

A

minor cognitive deficits

*unresolved, could be due to heterogeneity

7
Q

Direct infection of ?? occur early in HIV infection, even during primary viremia

A

CNS and PNS systems

UNKNOWN: How infection occurs i.e., crosses BBB (free virus and/or in HIV-infected macrophages)

8
Q

HAD pathology is due to HIV infection/replication in ??

does NOT infect ??

A

monocyte, macrophages, microglia in CNS

neurons or oligodendrocytes

9
Q

Astrocytes and capillary endothelial cells may support ??

A

defective replication

10
Q

Most HIV in the CNS are ??

and utilize ?? as co-receptor

A

macrophage tropic (M-Tropic)

CCR5

11
Q

Neuronal damage may be due to ??

A

gp120 or Tat proteins

12
Q

Numerous mechanisms for HAD:

A

Break down of BBB via increased production of human matrix metalloproteases

Production of cytokines, chemokines, neurotoxic products by macrophages

gp120 interaction with chemokine CXCR4 on the surface of neural progenitor cells

13
Q

HAD is not due to:

A
AI: 
autoimmune disease (cross-reactive antibodies to HIV attack CNS)

lymphoma

OI:
opportunistic infection (i.e., cerebral toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy).
					*However, these diseases do occur in AIDS patients.
14
Q

HAD is characterized by either few neuropathological changes? or:

A

Multinucleated giant cells (infected macrophages)

Astrocytosis - wide-spread, reactive astrocytosis.

Microglial nodules.

Diffuse or focal myelin pallor (AKA demyelination AKA “dirty white matter”) primarily within the basal ganglia and the white matter (i.e., central white matter, frontal cortices, basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem).

Neuronal loss.

15
Q

HAD Manifestations:

A

acute and chronic peripheral neuropathies, (one form resembles Guillain-Barre’ syndrome)

aseptic meningitis.
acute encephalitis.

HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex

vacuolar myelopathy (spinal column) – lower extremity spasticity.

painful sensory neuropathy (of feet).

16
Q

Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI)

A

Patient has neurocognitive impairment demonstrated by cognitive testing but are asymptomatic in their daily life

17
Q

HIV-associated mild neurocognitive disorder (MND)

A

Patient has impairments causing mild disturbance of activities of daily living (ALDs)

18
Q

ANI -→ MND

A

Now common in era of ART/HAART:

mild difficulties in concentration, attention, and memory may be present.

reading difficulties due to poor concentration levels. easily distracted, lose their train of thought, and require repeated prompting.

ADLs may take longer and become more difficult

19
Q

HAD is a diffuse or focal encephalitis: common or rare?

A

Now rare due to ART/HAART:

20
Q

HAD early cognitive changes:

A

forgetfulness.
loss of concentration and memory.
confusion.
long pauses before answering questions.

21
Q

HAD early motor changes

A

loss of balance.

leg weakness

22
Q

HAD early behavioral changes

A

apathy
social withdrawal,
decreased spontaneity
decreased emotional responses

23
Q

HAD late changes

A

Progression is predominantly abrupt, 3 → 6 months untill death.
Mutism
incontinence and generalized spasticity
death.

*Note: Much less common is a prolonged dementia lasting years.

24
Q

ddx HAD

A

EBV-associated primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) Primary or metastatic brain tumor.
Toxoplasmosis encephalitis
PML
Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
CMV polyradiculopathy, encephalitis, myelopathy, etc.

25
Q

HIV and AIDS pt. have one or more of:

A

pleocytosis,
abnormal CSF Ig,
recoverable HIV in the CSF

26
Q

Use ?? dementia severity scale or HAD Scale.

A

Memorial Sloan-Kettering

27
Q

Imaging studies should show

A

cortical atrophy
enlarged ventricles
Decreased attenuation of deep white matter = demyelination
Absence of focal abnormalities.

28
Q

tx: HAART has significantly reduced (@ 75%) the incidence of ??

A

HAD
Cryptococcal meningitis
CNS toxoplasmosis
Primary CNS lymphoma

29
Q

There is an increased incidence of ?? and is likely due to ?? (part of the anti-HIV drug regimen)

A

sensory neuropathy (e.g., painful sensory symptoms of the feet)

double dideoxynucleoside

30
Q

Problem: ??? has poor penetration of antiviral drugs, hence the CSF HIV population can differ from the serum population in terms of ??

HAART/ARV must consist of drugs capable of penetrating the ??

A

BBB

resistance

CNS

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