Hoofdstuk 1 Flashcards
(41 cards)
Social cognition
comprises all the processes that people use to make sense of each other, in order to coordinate in their social world.
Phenomenology
systematically description of how ordinary people say they experience their world
naive psychology
ordinary people’s everyday theories about each other.
configural model
developed by Asch, hypothesizes that people form a unified overall impression of other people; the Gestalt unifying forces shape individual elements to fit together (see holistic approaches).
algebraic model
described but not endorsed by Asch, evaluates each individual trait, in isolation, and combines the evaluations into a summary evaluation (see elemental approach).
elemental approach
break scientific problems down into pieces and analyze the pieces in separate detail before combining them.
holistic approach
analyze the pieces in the context of other pieces and focus on the entire configuration of relationships among them.
psychological field
a configuration of subjectively driving and restraining motivational forces.
introspection
is a method that relies on people’s own reports of their internal cognitive processes (the how, not the what or contents, for which see think-aloud protocols).
behaviorist psychology
approaches, especially to learning, examine stimulus–response relationships without positing intervening cognitions; only overt, measurable acts are sufficiently valid objects for empirical scrutiny.
Information processing
breaks down mental operations into sequential cognitive stages.
Category learning
The process of establishing a memory trace that improves the efficiency of assigning novel objects to contrasting groups
episodic memory
represents specific events as part of declarative long-term memory.
neuropsychology
considers personal and social lives of patients with brain impairments.
consistency seekers
a 1950s–60s perspective on social thinkers, in this case primarily motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions, as in dissonance theory.
naive scientist
describes the normative (idealized) assumption that people are essentially rational problem solvers with a few acknowledged biases. This view of social thinker, prominent in the 1970s, constructed optimal models of people as logical information-seekers, to assess whether and when they approximate the ideal.
Attribution theories
describe people’s causal analyses of (attributions about) the social world, mostly as due to the target’s dispositions or situations.
Shortcuts
a general term for any social perceiver strategy that substitutes simpler processes for more complex, effortful ones.
cognitive miser
prominent in the 1980s, holds that people are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts, which lead to often good-enough but sometimes deeply flawed results.
motivated tactician
refers to people’s tendency to rely on relatively automatic processes or alternatively on more effortful ones, depending on the situational and motivational demands. The motivated tactician models view people as fully engaged thinkers with multiple cognitive strategies available, who (consciously or unconsciously) choose among them based on goals, motives, and needs.
activated actors
prominent in the 2000s, view social environments as rapidly cuing perceivers’ social concepts, without awareness, and almost inevitably triggering associated cognitions, evaluations, affect, motivation, and behavior.
Mentalism
the belief in the importance of cognitive representation
cognitive process
how mental elements form, operate, and change over time.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
records re-oxygenizing blood flow to just-activated brain areas.
