Hoofdstuk 13

Question 1

Affect

Answer 1

a generic term for a whole range of preferences, evaluations, moods, and emotions.

Question 2

Preferences

Answer 2

include relatively mild subjective reactions that are essentially either pleasant or unpleasant.

Question 3

Evaluations

Answer 3

simple positive and negative reactions telling us whom (and what) to approach and avoid.

Question 4

Moods

Answer 4

positive and negative affect without a specific target, but typically with some duration.

Question 5

Emotion

Answer 5

refers to a complex assortment of affects, beyond merely good and bad feelings, and can imply intense feelings with physical manifestations, including physiological arousal.

Question 6

Bipolar

Answer 6

having two poles (opposite ends), and in affect and attitude scales, most often meaning positive and negative endpoints, although bipolar scales could involve agree–disagree (see unipolar).

Question 7

Bivalent

Answer 7

implies two independent valences, often separate, uncorrelated positive and negative dimensions, operating independently.

Question 8

positivity offset/Pollyanna effect/positivity bias

Answer 8

people’s tendency to interpret, rate, and remember entities more positively than not

Question 9

prototype

Answer 9

the central tendency or average (mean or mode) of category members.

Question 10

scripts

Answer 10

prototypic or schematic sequences of familiar events.

Question 11

social constructionist view

Answer 11

emotions interprets emotions as culturally shared, temporary roles.

Question 12

autonomic

Answer 12

the part of the nervous system that controls the visceral or involuntary bodily functions (heart rate, breathing), including the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

Question 13

James–Lange view of emotions

Answer 13

behavioral reactions and physiological patterns reveal to us what emotion we are feeling.

bodily changes come first and form the basis of an emotional experience (google)

Question 14

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 14

emotional events directly trigger certain configurations of muscles, and that we become aware of feelings only upon feedback from the face.

Question 15

skin conductance

Answer 15

measures minute amounts of perspiration (also electrodermal response (EDR), galvanic skin response (GSR)).

Question 16

zygomaticus major

Answer 16

the cheek’s smile muscle on either side of the lower nose.

Question 17

corrugator supercilii

Answer 17

the muscles between the eyebrows that contract in a frown.

Question 18

Arousal

Answer 18

(that is, emotional excitation of the sympathetic nervous system) controls bodily functions such as heart rate and breathing.

Question 19

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 19

controls bodily functions such as heart rate and breathing.

Question 20

Arousal-plus-mind theory

Answer 20

(our term for Mandler’s emotion theory) combines physiological arousal with evaluative cognition to produce emotion.

Question 21

Interruption

Answer 21

the disruption of an expected perceptual pattern or a goaldirected behavior sequence.

Question 22

power asymmetries

Answer 22

the affective experiences of powerful people tend to be more positive than those of less powerful people.

Question 23

dopamine

Answer 23

a neurotransmitter implicated in rewards and reward learning.

Question 24

norepinephrine

Answer 24

(alternately, noradrenaline) acts as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone affecting the sympathetic nervous system, including heart rate, and the amygdala, as well as more generally stress and fight-or-flight responses.

Question 25

schema-triggered affect

Answer 25

posits that some categories automatically link to affect

Question 26

Affective transference

Answer 26

describes emotional responses to a person who resembles a significant other. a phenomenon that occurs when people redirect emotions or feelings about one person to an entirely separate individual. (google)

Question 27

complexity-extremity hypothesis

Answer 27

posits that representations with more dimensions will usually have more moderate evaluations that those with fewer dimensions.

Question 28

thought-polarization hypothesis

Answer 28

posits that thinking about an attitude object will often polarize evaluations of it.

Question 29

cybernetic theory of self-attention

Answer 29

describes self-focused people as noticing discrepancies between their current state and some goal or standard. When people notice the discrepancy, they attempt to adjust their behavior to reduce the discrepancy. The person may succeed and move on to another goal. If the person fails, the theory states that the person may try repeatedly and fail. Thus the theory must provide for the person to give up and change goals.

Question 30

primary appraisal

Answer 30

the initial automatic assessment of the object as good–bad for self.

Question 31

secondary appraisal

Answer 31

occurs, after primary appraisal, as a subsequent assessment based on analyzing the object and its relevance to self.

Question 32

problem-focused coping

Answer 32

attempts to deal directly with mitigating a threat or adverse event.

Question 33

emotion-focused coping

Answer 33

attempts to deal with the affective impact of a threat or adverse event.

Question 34

affective forecasts

Answer 34

describes people’s attempt to anticipate how events will make them feel.

Question 35

psychological immune system

Answer 35

comprises people’s coping processes that mitigate the effects of adversity.

Question 36

durability bias

Answer 36

people’s tendency to overestimate how long an adverse event will affect them.

Question 37

cortisol

Answer 37

a hormone that is produced in response to stress, increasing protein and carbohydrate metabolism to increase blood sugar, while suppressing immune system and bone formation processes.