Hoofdstuk 3 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Encoding
transforming a perceived external stimulus into an internal representation
Attention
focuses on the contents of consciousness, including encoding external material and retrieving material from memory, characterized by both direction (selectivity) and intensity (effort).
Salience
how much particular stimuli stand out relative to others in their environment.
Vividness
constitutes the inherent attention-getting features of a stimulus regardless of environment, predicted to be emotionally interesting, imagery-provoking, and proximate.
Accessibility
how attention is primed for categories and concepts that fit what people have thought about recently or frequently.
direct perception
perception unmediated by cognitive processing, is local, feature-oriented, piecemeal.
global
perceptually integrates across the whole, rather than a local, feature oriented, piecemeal process.
feature-oriented processing
separate focus on each aspect (eg. on eyes, nose, mouth, chin, etc.)
verbal overshadowing
invokes a local, feature-by-feature process in describing a face, which ironically interferes with recognizing it later.
ecological perspective
examines how people make specific inferences from physical features of the stimulus configuration, unmediated by cognition.
Mediation
connects between stimulus inputs or other antecedents and response outputs or other consequences
Priming
describes the effects of prior context on the interpretation of new information, that is, the impact of a recently or frequently activated category on the processing of category-relevant information, typically interpreted in terms of category accessibility, within declarative (associative network) memory.
experimental demand
describes a variety of ways that a method, setting, or personnel may inadvertently communicate the hypothesis or otherwise channel participant responses to confirm the hypothesis. Features of the situation, experimenter–participant interaction, or measures can inadvertently constrain expected behavior.
procedural priming
makes some relevant processes more accessible than others.
assimilation
a cognitive process in which we take new information and experiences and incorporate them into our pre-existing ideas or worldview
contrast effects
a specific reaction opposite to a more general prior concept
/ (when people are blatantly primed with a trait, they may instead contrast their judgment of the ambiguous
target)
selective accessibility model of assimilation and contrast
addressing conscious comparisons, assumes accessibility is flexible (controllable) and specific to the current judgment (rather than general semantic priming).
chronicity
reflects dimensions that are frequently accessed or permanently primed, which may become central aspects of one’s personality.
affords
what the environment offers the individual
attuned
describes how reactive a person is to particular stimulus properties
affordances
perceived action possibilities for a specific perceiver in a specific setting
