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Biology 2 > Hormonal Coordination In Body > Flashcards

Hormonal Coordination In Body Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Glands which release hormones

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Ovaries

Testes

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2
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland

Found in brain

Produces LH, FSH

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3
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Found in neck

Releases thyroxine

Thyroxine regulates metabolism heart rate and temperature

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4
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Found above each kidney

Produce adrenaline

Adrenaline trigers the fight or flight response in a dangerous situation

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5
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin and glucagon

Both Involved in regulating blood glucose levels

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6
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce oestrogen which controlled puberty and helps regulate the menstrual cycle

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7
Q

Testes

A

Produces testosterone which controls puberty and sperms production

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8
Q

Central nervous system vs endocrine system

A

Central triggers rapid response whereas endocrine triggers a slower response

Central uses electrical signals ( impulses) carried by neurones whereas endocrine uses chemical messengers carried by blood

Central responses are very short whereas endocrine responses can be long lasting

Central acts on very precise parts of body whereas endocrine can act on large areas of body

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9
Q

Thyroxine

A

Comes from thyroid gland

Increases resting metabolic rate

Responsible for regulating growth and brain development of young animals

Production is regulated by a negative feedback loup:
When thyroxine concentration is low the production of TSH is increased which stimulates the making of thyroxine by thyroid gland
When thyroxine concentration is high TSH production is decreased

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10
Q

Adrenaline

A

Made in adrenal glands

Increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates pupils

Enlarges air passages of lungs and alters metabolism in order to boost the delivery of oxygen to the brain and muscles

In dangerous situations it prepars our body to move and think quickly( fight or flight)

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11
Q

What happens to a person with to little glucose

A

Glucose is used in respiration therefore not enough glucose means the body can’t produce enough energy

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12
Q

What happens if there is to much glucose in the body

A

Can have a negative impact on osmosis as it effects concentration gradients

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13
Q

When the amount of glucose is to high

A

The pancreas releases insulin into blood stream. The liver and muscle tissues detect the presence of insulin and therefore convert the excess glucose into glycogen. The process continues until the pancreas detects a normal blood glucose concentration

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14
Q

What happens when amount of glucose is to low

A

The pancreas releases glucagon into the bloodstream which is detected by liver which then converts its stores of glycogen back into glucose to be released into blood stream. This process continues until the pancreas detects a normal blood glucose concentration

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15
Q

What is the controlling of glucose levels and example of

A

Negative feedback

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16
Q

What can people with diabetes not do

A

Control blood glucose levels

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17
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

The pancreas either produces little or no insulin

Develops during childhood and causes are unknown

Treatment:
Inject insulin when blood glucose levels rise to high
Manage exercise and diet regularly to keep levels steady

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18
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Sufferers can produce insulin but body no longer responds to it

Usually develops later in life

Old age and being overweight are primary risk factors

Treatment:
Injecting insulin won’t help so instead sufferers must manage diet and exercise regularly to keep blood glucose levels steady

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19
Q

Factors that effect water balance in body

Study These Flashcards
A

Exhalation
Sweating
Eating to much salt
Illness

20
Q

Kidneys are important for homeostasis because they control

Study These Flashcards
A

Ion levels: must remain relatively constant to control osmosis and diffusion

Excess water

21
Q

Why does urea need to be removed from the body

Study These Flashcards
A

It’s toxic and to much in the bloodstream causes harm to cells and tissue

22
Q

How is urea formed

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A

Digestion of protein results in an excess of amino acids which can’t be stored in the body

In the liver these amino acids undergo a process called deaminationand the waste product is ammonia

Ammonia is then converted into urea and must be taken out of the body as urine

23
Q

Urine production

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A

There are two stages of urine production:

Ultrafiltration:
Blood is filtered and all water urea and salts move into the nephron tubule ( nephrons are small structures in the kidney)

Blood cells and proteins remain in blood as they are to big to move across capillary walls

Selective reabsorption:
Useful substances are reabsorbed back into bloodstream leaving urea and excess salts and waters in the tubule

This mixture forms urine which is collected by kidneys and travels to be stored in the bladder and then excreted

24
Q

When there is to little water in the blood

Study These Flashcards
A

Pituitary gland releases ADH

This increases the permeability of the kidney tubules so more water is reabsorbed into blood stream

Results in smaller volume of concentrated urine

25
When there is to much water in the blood
Pituitary gland stops release of ADH which reduces permeability of kidney tubules meaning less water is reabsorbed back into bloodstream Results in larger volume of dilute urine
26
What is dialysis
A treatment for kidney failure essential for people whose kidneys cannot keep the concentrations of urea and salt at an optimum level
27
How does dialysis work
The dialysis machine: The patient is linked up to the dialysis machine and there blood flows into the machine The machine contains fluids that are designed to have optimum concentrations of salts and glucose as would be found in a healthy person's blood The dialysis fluid The patients blood is passed over a partially permeable membrane in the machine that's designed to replicate the kidney tubules The dialysis fluid is on the other side of the membrane. A concentration gradient is established allowing excess ions and urea to diffuse from an area of high concentration in the patients blood to a low one in the dialysis fluid
28
Pros of dialysis
Life saving process Gives patient more time to find a donor kidney
29
Cons of dialysis
Lasts 3 to 4 hours and is needed 3 times a week Increased risk of blood clots and infections Expensive
30
Kidney transplant
Humans have 2 kidneys but can survive with only one Donations often come from close relatives as they are more likely to be a tissue match They can also be donated from people who have recently died, provided they are a tissue match and have registered on the organ donor list Immunosuppressants Patients who receive a donor kidney often have to take immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their lives to stop the immune system from rejecting the organ
31
Pros of kidney transplants
Patient doesn't need a dialysis treatment, which is time consuming Transplants are cheaper than dialysis in the long run
32
Cons of kidney transplants
Kidney may be rejected Long waiting lists Immunosupressant drugs make patients more susceptible to other infections
33
Male puberty
Amount of testosterone rises Underarm public and facial hair grow Voice deepens
34
Female puberty
Amount of oestrogen rises triggering the menstrual cycle Under arm and public hair grow Breasts grow
35
Key hormones in the menstrual cycle
Fsh Oestrogen Lh Progesterone
36
Menstrual hormones cycle
Fsh is released by pituitary gland and causes egg in ovary to mature Fsh also stimulates the production of oestrogen Oestrogen is produced in the ovaries and causes the development of the uterus lining It also stimulates the production of LH and stops the production of fsh Lh is produced in the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of the mature egg on day 14 of the cycle. This day is called ovulation Progesterone is produced in the ovaries after ovulation and is responsible for maintaining the uterus lining from day 14 to 28. When progesterone levels drop it triggers the breakdown of the lining. Its stops the production of lh and fsh
37
Contraception natural methods
Timing: don't have sex around ovulation day Abstinence: don't have sex
38
Sterilisation
Men: sperms duct is cut Women: fallopian tubes cut
39
Condoms
Effective against stds Prevent sperms entering the female Contain spermicide which kills sperms on release
40
Progesterone only pill
Stimulates production of thick sticky mucus which is very difficult for sperms to penetrate Stops release of fsh so eggs don't mature Less side effects than combined pill
41
Combined pill
Contains progesterone and oestrogen Enough oestrogen will build up to stop the production of fsh so no eggs mature
42
Contraceptives: diaphragms
Inserted into vagina prior to intercouse Prevents sperms from reaching egg Covered in spermicide
43
Contraceptives: IUDs
Also known as coil Inserted into uterus Prevent implantation of embryo Some release progesterone
44
New contraceptive methods
Contraceptive patch: only needs to be changed once per week and steadily releases progesterone Contraceptive implant : Inserted under skin and continuously produces small amounts of progesterone Contraceptive injection: Contains progesterone and can last up to 3 months
45
Fertility treatments
Some women don't have high enough fsh levels to stimulates egg maturation Fertility drugs: Contain fsh and lh which causes egg to be released in the ovaries IVF: Fsh and lh are given to stimulate growth of lots of eggs Eggs are collected and fertilised in a petri dish using sperms from the father These fertilised eggs grow into embryos and are put in womans uterus
46
Cons of IVF
Expensive Not guaranteed to work Can result in multiple pregnancys putting children and mother at risk Can pit lots of stress of patients and family's

Biology 2 (13 decks)

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