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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-16 Heart > Flashcards

HS2-16 Heart Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

right atrium

left atrium

right ventricle

left ventricle

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2
Q

What are the vessels travelling to the heart? (2)

A

superior/inferior venae cavae

pulmonary veins

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3
Q

What are the vessels travelling from the heart? (2)

A

aorta

pulmonary trunk (main pulmonary artery)

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4
Q

How does the main pulmonary artery branch?

A

branches into left and right pulmonary arteries

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5
Q

What are the four valves of the heart? Where are they located?

A

tricuspid valve = between right atrium and right ventricle

bicuspid valve = between left atrium and left ventricle

pulmonary valve = between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

aortic valve = between left ventricle and aorta

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6
Q

Describe the pathway of circulation to the heart (the deoxygenated/venous system). (6)

A

inferior/superior venae cavae + coronary sinus → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs

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7
Q

Describe the pathway of oxygenated blood (the arterial system). (6)

A

lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body

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8
Q

Draw a trapezoidal schematic of the heart, and identify each of the borders.

A
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9
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

junction of left and right ventricles

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10
Q

What is another name for the atrioventricular groove?

A

coronay sulcus

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11
Q

What is the function of the auricles of the heart?

A

increase capacity of atria

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12
Q

What heart structures are visible on a PA CXR? (5)

A

right atrium

aortic arch

main pulmonary artery

left auricle

left ventricle

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13
Q

What heart structures are visible on a lateral CXR?

A

right ventricle

left atrium

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14
Q

How can heart size be estimated on CXR? (@)

A

cardiothoracic ratio = transverse heart size/transverse thoracic diameter

normal cardiothoracic ratio is less than or equal to 0.5

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15
Q

Which type of CXR is not appropriate for calculating the cardiothoracic ratio?

A

AP view, since the heart is magnified in the AP view

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16
Q

What are the three layers of the pericardium?

A

fibrous

parietal serous

visceral serous

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17
Q

The fibrous layer of the pericardium is continuous with

A

the central tendon of the diaphragm

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18
Q

Order the three layers of the pericardium.

A

fibrous

parietal serous

visceral serous (adhered to heart)

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19
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity?

A

between the two serous layers (parietal serous and visceral serous)

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20
Q

The pericardial cavity contains

A

pericardial fluid

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21
Q

What are the two passages of the pericardial cavity?

A

transverse pericardial sinus

oblique pericardial sinus

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22
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus located? (2)

A

anteriorly = between aorta and pulmonary trunk

posteriorly = between superior vena cava and pulmonary vein

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23
Q

Where is the oblique pericardial sinus located?

A

posterior to left atrium, bound by pulmonary veins

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24
Q

What is the blood supply to the pericardium?

A

pericardiacophrenic arteries

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25
What is the innervation to the pericardium?
phrenic nerve
26
What is pericardial effusion?
fluid accumulating in the pericardial space
27
What are the appropriate radiographic imaging methods to visualize pericardial effusion? (3)
echocardiography CT MRI [_not_ CXR, because of heart enlargement]
28
What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
functions as insulator between atria and ventricles
29
The fibrous skeleton of the heart provides attachment for (2)
myocardial fibers structures of the valves
30
The fibrous skeleton of the heart forms what structures? (2)
forms 2 trigones to connect the rings around the orifices of the valves forms membranous portion of interatrial and interventricular septa
31
What are the two regions of the right atrium?
rough region = true atrium smooth region = sinus venarum
32
What are the contents of the rough region of the right atrium? (3)
pectinate muscles crista terminalis opening to right auricle
33
What are the contents of the smooth region of the right atrium? (3)
openings for superior/inferior venae cavae opening for coronary sinus fossa ovalis
34
What is the fossa ovalis?
remnant of fetal foramen ovale in the heart
35
Which valves are found in the right ventricle?
tricuspid valve, which controls opening b/w right atrium and right ventricle pulmonary valve, which controls opening b/w right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
36
What is the function of the chordae tendinae?
connect papillary muscles to valve cusps
37
What is the septomarginal trabecula?
structure involved in impulse conduction that runs from interventricular wall to base of anterior papillary muscle
38
What is another name for the infundibulum?
conus arteriosus
39
What are the contents of the left atrium? (3)
openings for 4 pulmonary veins (mostly smooth) opening to left auricle (rough) fossa ovalis
40
What muscle is found in the left auricle of the heart?
pectinate muscles
41
What valves are found in the left ventricle?
bicuspid valve (a.k.a. mitral valve), which controls opening b/w left atrium and ventricle aortic valve, which controls opening b/w left ventricle and aorta
42
What are the semilunar valves? (2)
pulmonary valve aortic valve
43
What are the contents of the right ventricle?
papillary muscles (anterior/posterior/septal) moderator band a.k.a. septomarginal trabecula conus arteriosus a.k.a. infundibulum trabeculae carnae
44
What is the function of the heart's moderator band (the septomarginal trabecula)?
carries impulse to the anterior papillary muscle
45
What is the ventricular analog of the pectinate muscles found in the heart atria?
trabeculae carnae
46
What is the relationship between the moderator band and the papillary muscles?
moderator band allows simultaneous contraction of papillary muscles
47
(T/F) The papillary muscles shut the heart valves.
**False.** They don't shut the valves, but they do *keep* them shut.
48
What are the contents of the left ventricle? (2)
papillary muscles (anterior, posterior) to keep mitral valve shut trabeculae carnae
49
Draw a diagram of the auscultation points. What is the associated mnemonic?
**A**ll **P**hysicians **T**ake **M**oney Aortic = 2nd intercostal space, right of sternum Pulmonary = 2nd intercostal space, left of sternum Tricuspid = 5th intercostal space, left of sternum Mitral = 5th intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line
50
Describe the attachment of the bicuspid and tricuspid valve cusps. (2)
bases of valve cusps attached to fibrous skeleton free ends of valve cusps attached to papillary muscles, via chordae tendinae
51
Describe the role of the papillary muscles in relation to the bicuspid and tricuspid valves.
papillary muscles contract at beginning of systole, drawing cusps together and preventing them from prolapsing into atrium
52
Describe the shape of the semilunar valves.
concave
53
Describe the shape and function of the semilunar valves during systole and diastole.
systole = cusps pressed against arterial wall diastole = blood flows back in direction of ventricle but collect in concave cusps, so edges of cusps are pressed against each other
54
What are the coronary arteries?
branches of ascending aorta that supply the myocardium
55
Where does the right coronary artery run?
runs in coronary sulcus = atrioventricular groove
56
What are the branches of the right coronary artery? (4)
posterior interventricular branch = posterior descending artery [clinical term] marginal branch branch to SA node branch to AV node
57
Where does the posterior descending artery run?
runs in posterior interventricular groove
58
What are the branches of the left coronary artery? (2)
circumflex branch anterior interventricular branch = left anterior descending artery (LAD) [clinical term]
59
Where does the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery run?
atrioventricular groove
60
Where does the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery run?
anterior interventricular groove
61
How can you distinguish between the left and right coronary arteries?
left coronary artery bifurcates into 2 branches near origin
62
List the structures supplied by the right coronary artery. (5)
right atrium (via atriach branch) most of right ventricle (via right marginal artery) part of left ventricle posterior part of interventricular septum (via posterior descending artery) SA/AV nodes
63
List the structures supplied by the left coronary artery. (4)
left atrium most of left ventricle (circumflex branch) part of right ventricle anterior portion of IV septum (left anterior descending artery)
64
The cardiac veins arise from
the myocardium
65
The posterior interventricular artery anastomoses with
the left anterior descending artery
66
At what point does the right coronary artery become the posterior interventricular artery?
in the posterior interventricular groove
67
In what structure does the left circumflex artery run?
AV groove
68
The left circumflex artery anastomoses with
the right coronary artery
69
Where do the cardiac veins drain?
drain into coronary sinus, then right atrium
70
The great cardiac vein runs with what vessel in what structure?
runs with left anterior descending artery in anterior interventricular groove
71
The middle cardiac vein runs with what vessel in what structure?
posterior descending artery in posterior interventricular groove
72
The small cardiac vein runs with what vessel in what structure?
runs with marginal branches from right anterior margin to atrioventricular groove
73
The coronary sinus opens into
the right atrium
74
The coronary sinus runs in what structure?
atrioventricular groove
75
What are the four primary venous structures associated with the heart?
great cardiac vein middle cardiac vein small cardiac vein coronary sinus
76
What is the exception to the rule that all venous structures of the heart drain into the coronary sinus?
the _anterior cardiac vein_, which drains the right ventricle, crosses the right coronary artery to drain directly into the right atrium
77
What is the mnemonic to remember how the cardiac veins run?
a _great_ **LAD** was caught in the _middle_ of **PDA** but escaped by a _small_ **margin**
78
Where is the SA node located?
wall of right atrium at superior end of crista terminalis
79
What is the function of the SA node?
pacemaker that initiates impulse that spreads through atria and causes them to contract
80
Where is the AV node located?
postero-inferior region of interatrial septum, superior to the opening of the coronary sinus
81
What is the function of the AV node?
receives impulses from cardiac fibers of atria and distributes impulses to AV bundle
82
What is another name for the AV bundle?
bundle of His
83
Draw a diagram of the intrinsic innervation pathway of the heart.
84
Sympathetic innervation of the heart comes from
the sympathetic trunks
85
What is the function of sympathetic innervation to the heart? (3)
increases heart rate increases force of contraction dilates coronary arteries
86
What is the function of parasympathetic innervation to the heart? (3)
decreases heart rate decreases force of contraction constricts coronary arteries
87
Parasympathetic innervation of the heart comes from
the vagus nerve
88
Describe how the visceral sensory fibers of the myocardium are related to the phenomenon of referred pain. (4)
visceral sensory fibers of myocardium activated by ischemia fibers run with sympathetic fibers of cardiac plexus to spinal cord fibers enter spinal cord at T1-T4/T5 and synapse at C3-T5 referred pain felt in dermatomes of C3-T5, most often on left side
89
What is diastole?
relaxation and filling of ventricles with blood
90
What is systole?
ventricular contraction and emptying of ventricular blood into aorta + pulmonary trunk
91
List the events during diastole. (3)
pulmonary and aortic valves close walls of ventricles relax tricuspid and bicuspid valves open so blood flows into ventricles
92
List the events during systole. (3)
walls of ventricles contract tricuspid and bicuspid valves close pulmonary and aortic valves open
93
The contraction of the atria and ventricles is regulated by
the intrinsic impulse conduction system of the heart

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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