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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-3 Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

HS2-3 Cranial Nerves Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

To which nervous system do the cranial nerves belong?

A

PNS

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2
Q

What are the two primary modalities of cranial nerves?

A

sensory

motor

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3
Q

List the submodalities of cranial nerves and their associated functions. (3, 2)

A

sensory:

general sensory = innervation of skin, membranes, muscles joints

special sensory = innervation of special sensory organs

visceral sensory = innervation of viscera

motor:

somatic/branchial motor = innervation of skeletal muscle

visceral motor = innervation of smooth muscle

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4
Q

Differentiate between exteroceptive sensation and propioceptive sensation.

A

exteroceptive = pain, temperature, touch, pressure

propioceptive = joint position, tension of muscles

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5
Q

Generally speaking, what is the function of the general sensory modality of cranial nerves?

A

transmission of exteroceptive and proprioceptive sensation

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6
Q

Generally speaking, what is the function of the special sensory modality of cranial nerves?

A

transmission of unique sensations (vision, smell, hearing, balance, taste)

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7
Q

Generally speaking, what is the function of the visceral sensory modality of cranial nerves? (2)

A

transmission of diffuse pain from thoracic and abdominal viscera

transmission of internal stimuli isuch as blood pressure (baroreceptors) and O2 content (chemoreceptors) in blood

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8
Q

The somatic motor modality of cranial nerves refers to

A

innervation of structures that develop from somites

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9
Q

The branchial motor modality of cranial nerves refers to

A

innervation of structures that derive from pharyngeal arches

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10
Q

What kinds of fibers do cranial nerves carry?

A

cranial nerves only carry parasympathetic fibers — they do not carry sympathetic fibers

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11
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia for parasympathetic fibers of cranial nerves located?

A

mostly located in head

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12
Q

Generally speaking, what is the function of the visceral motor modality of cranial nerves?

A

innervation of smooth muscle

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13
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves.

A

I - olfactory

II - optic

III - oculomotor

IV - trochlear

V - trigeminal

VI - abducent

VII - facial

VIII - vestibulocochlear

IX - glossopharyngeal

X - vagus

XI - accessory

XII - hypoglossal

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14
Q

The cranial nerves are numbered in what order?

A

from rostral to caudal

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15
Q

olfactory nerve (CN I): modality

A

special sensory = smell

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16
Q

olfactory nerve (CN I): innervated structure

A

olfactory organ = olfactory neurons in nasal cavity

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17
Q

olfactory nerve (CN I): foramen

A

cribiform plate

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18
Q

olfactory nerve (CN I): extracranial course (2)

A

short olfactory nerves

connection to olfactory bulb + tract within skull

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19
Q

optic nerve (CN II): modality

A

special sensory = vision

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20
Q

optic nerve (CN II): innervated structure

A

retina

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21
Q

optic nerve (CN II): foramen

A

optic canal

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22
Q

optic nerve (CN II): extracranial course

A

within orbit

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23
Q

(T/F) The optic nerve is only a cranial nerve by convention.

A

True. Structurally, it is an extension of the forebrain.

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24
Q

oculomotor nerve (CN III): modality (2)

A

somatic motor

visceral motor

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25
oculomotor nerve (CN III): innervated structures (2 sets)
somatic motor = 4 of 6 extraocular muscles + levator palpebrae superioris visceral motor = sphincter pupillae + ciliary muscles
26
oculomotor nerve (CN III): foramen
superior orbital fissure
27
oculomotor nerve (CN III): extracranial course
within orbit, splits into superior and inferior division
28
trochlear nerve (CN IV): modality
somatic motor
29
trochlear nerve (CN IV): innervated structure
one of the extraocular muscles (superior oblique)
30
trochlear nerve (CN IV): foramen
superior orbital fissure
31
trochlear nerve (CN IV): extracranial course
within orbit
32
What are the three primary branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
opthalmic nerve (CN V1) maxillary nerve (CN V2) mandibular (CN V3)
33
The trigeminal nerve is associated with which pharyngeal arch?
1st
34
opthalmic nerve (CN V1): modality
general sensory
35
opthalmic nerve (CN V1): innervated structures (4)
skin of forehead scalp orbit parts of nasal cavity
36
opthalmic nerve (CN V1): foramen
superior orbital fissure
37
opthalmic nerve (CN V1): extracranial course
within orbit, where it gives off various branches
38
maxillary nerve (CN V2): modality
general sensory
39
maxillary nerve (CN V2): innervated structures (6)
skin of lateral external nose inferior eyelid anterior cheek upper lip palate maxillary teeth
40
maxillary nerve (CN V2): foramen
foramen rotundum
41
maxillary nerve (CN V2): extracranial course
enters pterygopalatine fossa, where it gives off various branches
42
mandibular nerve (CN V3): modality (2)
general sensory branchial motor
43
mandibular nerve (CN V3): general sensory innervated structures (5)
mucosa of anterior 2/3 of tongue floor of mouth mandibular teeth external ear buccal/parotid/temporal region of face
44
What innervates the muscles of mastication?
mandibular nerve (CN V3)
45
What are the four muscles of mastication?
masseter temporalis medial pterygoid lateral pterygoid
46
mandibular nerve (CN V3): branchial motor innervated structures (5)
muscles of mastication mylohyoid anterior belly of digastric tensor tympani tensor veli palatine
47
mandibular nerve (CN V3): foramen
foramen ovale
48
mandibular nerve (CN V3): extracranial course
enters infratemporal fossa, where it gives off various branches
49
abducens nerve (CN VI): modality
somatic motor
50
abducens nerve (CN VI): innervated structure
one of the extraocular muscles (lateral rectus)
51
abducens nerve (CN VI): foramen
superior orbital fissure
52
abducens nerve (CN VI): extracranial course
within orbit, lateral
53
The facial nerve (CN VII) is associated with which pharyngeal arch?
2nd pharyngeal arch
54
facial nerve (CN VII): modalities
general sensory special sensory branchial motor visceral motor
55
List the four major branches of the facial nerve and their innervated structures.
1st = greater petrosal nerve = pterygopalatine ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa → lacrimal gland 2nd = nerve to stapedius in tympanic cavity 3rd = chorda tympani = taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue 4th = auricular branch = somatic sensory for skin over mastoid process and within external acoustic meatus
56
What is the pathway for the chorda tympani?
through tympanic cavity into infratemporal fossa, where it merges w/ lingual nerve
57
What are the foramina associated with the facial nerve?
facial nerve enters skull through internal acoustic meatus, but leaves skull via various foramina
58
Describe the pathway of the facial nerve branches that supply muscles of facial expression.
exits skull through stylomastoid foramen and branches within parotid gland
59
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): modality
special sensory (hearing, balance)
60
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): innervated structures
specialized sensory cells in cochlea (hearing) semicircular ducts/utricle/saccule of inner ear (balance)
61
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): foramen
leaves cranial cavity through internal acoustic meatus
62
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): extracranial course
does not leave skull
63
What are the branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?
vestibular nerve cochlear nerve
64
The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is associated with which pharyngeal arch?
3rd pharyngeal arch
65
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX): modality
general sensory special sensory (taste) visceral sensory branchial motor visceral motor
66
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX): innervated structures (6)
stylopharyngeus parotid gland (via tympanic nerve + otic ganglion) tympanic cavity carotid sinus + carotid body mucosa of oropharynx posterior 1/3 of tongue
67
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX): foramen
major portion of nerve exits through jugular foramen
68
What are the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve? List their name and associated innervated structures.
1st = tympanic nerve = innervates tympanic cavity 2nd = carotid sinus nerve = innervates carotid sinus + body 3rd = small branchial motor nerve = innervates stylopharyngeus
69
Explain how the lesser petrosal nerve arises.
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in tympanic plexus reorganize and form lesser petrosal nerve, which connects to otic ganglion
70
The vagus nerve is associated with which pharyngeal arches?
4th and 6th pharyngeal arches
71
vagus nerve (CN X): modality
general sensory special sensory (taste) visceral sensory branchial motor visceral motor
72
vagus nerve (CN X): innervated structures (6)
inferior pharynx entire larynx root of tongue epiglottis soft palate thoracic and abdominal organs
73
vagus nerve (CN X): foramen
jugular foramen
74
List the important branches of the vagus nerve in the head and neck region. (3)
pharyngeal branches = muscles of soft palate + pharynx superior laryngeal nerve = mucosa of larynx up to vocal folds + cricothyroid muscle recurrent laryngeal nerve = mucosa of larynx inferior to vocal folds + internal laryngeal muscles
75
accessory nerve (CN XI): modality
somatic motor
76
accessory nerve (CN XI): innervated structures
sternocleidomastoid trapezius
77
accessory nerve (CN XI): foramen
jugular foramen
78
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): modality
somatic motor
79
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): innervated structures
motor to most extrinsic and all instrinic muscles of tongue
80
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): foramen
hypoglossal canal
81
Which four cranial nerves have preganglionic parasympathetic fibers as components?
III (oculomotor) VII (facial) IX (glossopharyngeal) X (vagus)
82
What are the four parasympathetic ganglia of the head?
ciliary ganglion (CN III) pterygopalatine ganglion (CN VII) submandibular ganglion (CN VII) otic ganglion (CN IX)
83
CN III: preganglionic pathway, ganglion, postganglionic pathway, target organs
preganglionic: inferior division of III ganglion: ciliary postganglionic: short ciliary nerves target organs: ciliary muscles + sphincter pupillae
84
CN VII: preganglionic pathway, ganglion, postganglionic pathway, target organs
preganglionic: greater petrosal nerve + nerve of pterygoid canal ganglion: pterygopalatine postganglionic: maxillary nerve + zygomatic nerve target organs: lacrimal gland + mucous glands of oral and nasal cavities
85
CN VII: preganglionic pathway, ganglion, postganglionic pathway, target organs [submandibular ganglion]
preganglionic: chorda tympani ganglion: submandibular postganglionic: lingual nerve target organs: submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
86
CN IX: preganglionic pathway, ganglion, postganglionic pathway, target organs
preganglionic: tympanic + lesser petrosal nerves ganglion: otic postganglionic: auriculotemporal nerve target organ: parotid gland
87
CN X: preganglionic pathway, ganglion, postganglionic pathway, target organs
preganglionic: vagus ganglion: ganglia on viscera postganglionic: direct branches to organs target organs: thoracic and abdominal viscera
88
Parasympathetic fibers in the head are usually distributed along cranial nerves. How are sympathetic fibers distributed in the head?
they follow the arterial supply to the head
89
Where do all preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers arise?
in thorax, at levels T1 to L2 of spinal cord
90
Broadly speaking, what is the function of the vagus nerve?
parasympathetic innervation to abdominal viscera, heart, and lungs
91
List the four major branches of the vagus nerve and their associated functions.
superior laryngeal nerve external branch of superior laryngeal nerve = motor innervation of cricothyroid internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve = sensory innervation of laryngeal mucosa recurrent laryngeal nerve = muscles of larynx
92
Describe the positioning of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
right side hooks around right subclavian artery left side hooks around aorta
93
Which cranial nerves pass through the cribiform plate?
olfactory nerve (CN I)
94
Which cranial nerves pass through the optic canal?
optic nerve (CN II)
95
Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
oculomotor nerve (CN III) trochlear nerve (CN IV) opthalmic nerve (CN V1) abducens nerve (CN VI)
96
Which cranial nerves pass through the foramen rotundum?
maxillary nerve (CN V2)
97
Which cranial nerves pass through the foramen ovale?
mandibular nerve (CN V3)
98
Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
facial nerve (CN VII) vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
99
Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) vagus nerve (CN X) accessory nerve (CN XI)
100
Which cranial nerves pass through the hypoglossal canal?
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
101
What is the mnemonic to remember whether a cranial nerve as a sensory, motor, or mixed modality?
102
In the oral/nasal cavities, the greater petrosal nerve (first branch of facial nerve) runs with which other nerve? How does this nerve further branch?
runs with zygomatic nerve to mucosal glands zygomatic nerve further branches to give lacrimal nerve, which innervates lacrimal glands
103
Where does the greater petrosal nerve synapse?
pterygopalatine ganglion
104
The chorda tympani (third branch of facial nerve) can be seen running alongside with which other nerve? Where do these two nerves end up?
hitchhikes with lingual nerve to synapse at submandibular ganglion, thus innervating submandibular and sublingual glands
105
What are the targets of the branchial motor modality of the facial nerve? (4)
muscles around ear (via posterior auricular nerve) posterior belly of digastric stylohyoid muscles of facial expression
106
Which two cranial nerves have all five major modalities?
glossopharyngeal vagus
107
The tympanic plexus associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve eventually converges into
the lesser petrosal nerve
108
Describe the pathway of the lesser petrosal nerve. (2)
synapses at otic ganglion runs alongside auriculotemporal nerve to parotid gland
109
What provides motor innervation to the cricothyroid?
vagus nerve

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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