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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-2 Posterior Triangle > Flashcards

HS2-2 Posterior Triangle Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three compartments of the neck?

A

somatic neck

visceral neck

carotid sheath

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2
Q

Describe the composition of the somatic neck. (2)

A

vertebral column

muscles of posterior neck associated with vertebrae

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3
Q

Describe the composition of the visceral neck.

A

includes structures associated with feeding and respiration

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4
Q

What is another name for the visceral neck?

A

“gut neck”

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5
Q

Draw out a hierarchical diagram of the fasciae of the neck.

A
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6
Q

Describe superficial cervical fascia.

A

fatty connective tissue b/w dermis of skin and investing layer of deep cervical fascia

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7
Q

What is platysma?

A

broad thin sheet of muscle in subcutaneous cervical tissue of neck

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8
Q

What is the source of innervation for platysma?

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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9
Q

What is the function of platysma?

A

tenses skin and muscles of facial expression

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10
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath? (4)

A

common carotid artery

internal carotid artery

internal jugular vein

vagus nerve

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11
Q

Where is the retropharyngeal space located?

A

between peritracheal and perivertebral layers of fascia

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12
Q

List the structures that comprise the skeleton/bones of the neck.

A

C1 (atlas)

C2 (axis)

C3-C6

C7 (a.k.a. vertebra prominens)

hyoid bone (which does not directly articulate with other bones)

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13
Q

List the structures that comprise the musculature of the neck.

A

sternocleidomastoid

trapezius

suprahyoid

infrahyoid

scalenes (anterior/middle/posterior)

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14
Q

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

connects the head to upper extremities

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15
Q

Which muscle is the largest muscle producing head movement?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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16
Q

Describe how the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius contribute to the posterior triangle.

A

Sternocleidomastoid forms anterior boundary of posterior triangle

trapezius forms posterior boundary of posterior triangle

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17
Q

What innervates the sternocleidomastoid?

A

accessory nerve (CN XI)

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18
Q

Describe the movements associated with the trapezius.

A

extension of neck and head

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19
Q

Describe the movements associated with the sternocleidomastoid. (2)

A

if contracted unilaterally = head turns contralaterally while raising chin

if contracted bilaterally = flexion of neck and extension of head

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20
Q

Where are the supra- and infrahyoid muscles located?

A

anterior triangle

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21
Q

What is the function of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles?

A

move the hyoid bone, larynx, and lower jaw

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22
Q

What is the source of innervation of the scalene muscles?

A

innervated by ventral primary rami of cervical spinal nerves

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23
Q

What is the function of the scalene muscles? (2)

A

flex neck anteriorly and laterally

assist in respiration

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24
Q

Order the musculature of the neck, from superficial to deep.

A

sternocleidomastoid/trapezius (superficial)

suprahyoid/infrahyoid

scalenes (anterior/middle/posterior)

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25
What groups comprise the visceral structures?
endocrine group = thyroid and parathyroid glands respiratory group = larynx and trachea alimentary group = pharynx and esophagus
26
List the arterial structures associated with the neck.
common carotid artery subclavian artery
27
Describe how the common carotid and subclavian arteries branch. (3)
common carotid → internal + external subclavian → vertebral + thyrocervical trunk thyrocervical trunk → suprascapular + transverse cervical + inferior thyroid
28
Describe the branching of the internal carotid artery.
no branches in the neck
29
What does the internal carotid artery supply? (2)
brain eye
30
Describe the branching of the external carotid artery.
has many branches in the neck
31
What does the external carotid artery supply?
supplies neck and head structures
32
What does the subclavian artery supply? (2)
supplies UEs + neck
33
Describe the branching of the vertebral artery.
no major branches in neck
34
What does the vertebral artery supply? (2)
supplies brain + spinal cord
35
What are the three major branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
suprascapular artery transverse cervical artery inferior thyroid artery
36
What does the suprascapular artery supply?
supplies shoulder region
37
What does the transverse cervical artery supply?
supplies superficial back
38
What does the inferior thyroid artery supply?
supplies thyroid gland
39
What are the three primary venous structures associated with the neck?
internal jugular vein external jugular vein subclavian vein
40
Describe the relationship between the internal jugular vein and the brain.
the internal jugular vein is the only source of drainage for the brain
41
What is the primary venous structure of the neck?
internal jugular vein
42
Describe the relationship between the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein.
internal jugular vein joins with subclavian vein to form braciocephalic vein
43
Describe the function of the external jugular vein.
drains most of scalp and side of face
44
What is the ultimate fate of the external jugular vein?
empties into subclavian vein
45
Explain the relationship between the subclavian vein and the axillary vein.
subclavian vein is the continuation of the axillary vein from the upper extremity
46
What are the three types of nerves found in the neck?
cranial nerves sympathetic neural structures cervical spinal nerves
47
What are the three cranial nerves that extend into the neck?
vagus nerve (CN X) accessory nerve (CN XI) hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
48
What functions do the cranial nerves found in the neck have? (3)
motor sensory parasympathetic
49
How is the vagus nerve unique among the cranial nerves found in the neck?
it's the only cranial nerve that runs completely through the neck
50
How does the vagus nerve exit the skull?
via jugular foramen, then runs in carotid sheath
51
Describe the parasympathetic, motor, and sensory functions of the vagus nerve.
parasympathetic = viscera of thorax and abdomen motor = pharynx and larynx sensory = pharynx and larynx
52
How does the accessory nerve exit the skull?
through jugular foramen
53
Describe the function of the accessory nerve.
motor innervation to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
54
How does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull?
through hypoglossal canal
55
Describe the function of the hypoglossal nerve.
motor innervation to muscles of tongue
56
Describe the contributions of the cervical spinal nerves.
lower four = form brachial plexus upper four = form cervical plexus
57
What structures form the boundary of the root of the neck?
first rib manubrium T1 vertebra
58
Which muscles found in the root of the neck contribute to the head and neck? (3)
prevertebral muscles (including scalenes) scalene muscles infrahyoid muscles
59
Apart from muscles, innervation, and vasculature, what specific structures found in the root of the neck make contributions to the head and neck? (3)
cervical vertebrae trachea esophagus
60
Which bones in the root of the neck make contributions to the upper extremity? (2)
clavicle (sometimes not considered to be in the root of the neck) manubrium
61
Which vessels in the root of the neck make contributions to the upper extremity? (3, +2, +0, +2)
* _transverse cervical artery, which yields:_ * superficial cervical artery * dorsal scapular artery (30% of the time) * _suprascapular artery_ * _from thyrocervical trunk, which yields:_ * dorsal scapular artery (70% of the time) * subclavian artery
62
What are the boundaries of the interscalene triangle? (2)
anterior and middle scalenes first rib
63
What are the contents of the interscalene triangle? (2)
brachial plexus subclavian artery
64
What blood vessel is located outside but is still associated with the interscalene triangle?
subclavian vein
65
Apart from vasculature, which specific structures make contributions to the upper extremity? (4)
clavicle manubrium roots of brachial plexus interscalene triangle
66
Which bones make contributions to the thorax? (2)
first rib manubrium
67
Which visceral structures make contributions to the thorax? (5)
cupula cervical pleura thoracic duct esophagus trachea
68
Which vessels make contributions to the thorax? (4)
internal thoracic artery brachiocephalic trunk right/left brachiocephalic veins internal thoracic vein
69
Which nerves make contributions to the thorax? (4)
phrenic nerve (C3/C4/C5) vagus nerve cervical sympathetic chain (middle cervical ganglion + stellate ganglion)
70
In the context of innervation to the thorax, where is the phrenic nerve found?
on anterior aspect of anterior scalene
71
In the context of innervation to the thorax, where is the stellate ganglion found?
deep to first rib
72
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
clavicle (inferior border) sternocleidomastoid (anterior border) trapezius (posterior border)
73
What structure separates the posterior and anterior triangles?
sternocleidomastoid
74
What forms the roof of the posterior triangle?
investing layer of deep cervical fascia
75
What forms the floor of the posterior triangle? (3)
perivertebral fascia covering middle + posterior scalenes splenius capitis levator scapulae
76
Describe the relationship between the omohyoid muscle and the posterior triangle.
inferior belly of omohyoid runs across lower portion of triangle, separating the triangle into: omoclavicular triangle (small, inferior) occipital triangle (large, superior)
77
Describe the relationship between the spinal accessory nerve and the posterior triangle.
spinal accessory nerve divides triangle into "careful" vs. "carefree" zones
78
What are the three main nerves/nervous structures found in the posterior triangle?
spinal accessory nerve (CN X) cervical plexus brachial plexus
79
Describe the function of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle.
motor innervation to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
80
Describe the branching of the cervical plexus in the posterior triangle and the associated functions.
_sensory:_ great auricular nerve = sensory to region around ear lesser occipital nerve = sensory to scalp transverse cervical (colli) nerves = sensory to anterior triangle supraclavicular nerve = sensory to posterior triangle _motor:_ phrenic nerve = motor to diaphragm
81
What nerve provides sensory innervation to the area around the ear?
great auricular nerve
82
What nerve provides sensory innervation to the scalp?
lesser occipital nerve
83
What nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior triangle?
transverse cervical (colli) nerves
84
What nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterior triangle?
supraclavicular nerves
85
What nerve provides motor innervation to the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
86
Describe the branching of the brachial plexus in the posterior triangle. (2)
ventral primary rami of C5-T1 give rise to roots and trunks dorsal scapular nerve from brachial plexus root innervates rhomboids and levator scapulae
87
What is the primary venous structure associated with the posterior triangle?
external jugular vein = drains most of scalp and side of face
88
What are the three primary arteries associated with the posterior triangle?
transverse cervical artery suprascapular artery dorsal scapular artery
89
In the context of the posterior triangle, what is the function of the transverse cervical artery?
supplies superficial muscles of back (via superficial cervical artery) in 30% of cases, supplies rhomboids + levator scapulae via dorsal scapular artery
90
In the context of the posterior triangle, what is the function of the suprascapular artery?
supplies muscles of shoulder region (i.e. supraspinatus and infraspinatus)
91
The dorsal scapular nerve is contained in which triangle?
posterior triangle
92
Describe the relationship between the brachial plexus and the scalene muscles.
brachial plexus runs between anterior and middle scalenes
93
Describe the relationship between the phrenic nerve and the scalene muscles.
phrenic nerve runs on top of anterior scalene
94
What causes thoracic outlet syndrome?
compression of the contents of the interscalene triangle
95
What is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?
stabilize hyoid depress hyoid when swallowing
96
What is another name for the infrahyoid muscles?
strap muscles
97
Describe the relationship of the sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and thyrohyoid.
sternohyoid is superficial to both the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
98
Draw out a simplified cervical plexus.
99
Describe the branching of the subclavian artery.
left subclavian branches off aortic arch right subclavian branches off brachiocephalic artery
100
What are the branches of the subclavian artery?
**V**ery **I**mportant **TITS** **D**-**S**ize vertebral internal thoracic thyrocervical trunk inferior thyroid transverse cervical suprascapular dorsal scapular
101
What are the nerves of the cervical plexus?
**GLAST**: great auricular lesser occipital accessory supraclavicular transverse cervical

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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