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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-5 Introduction to Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

HS2-5 Introduction to Neuroanatomy Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Draw a diagram illustrating anatomical naming conventions for the CNS.

A
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2
Q

What is the cephalic flexure?

A

a bend developed during embryonic life that tilts the axis of the developing brain forward

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3
Q

What is the composition of the meninges?

A

outer tough dura mater

middle arachnoid mater

delicate inner pia mater

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4
Q

What are the five subdivisions of the CNS? List their embryonic origin.

A

cerebral hemispheres (derived from embryonic telencephalon)

diencephalon (derived from embryonic diencephalon)

brainstem (mixed origins)

cerebellum (derived from embryonic metencephalon)

spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the brainstem? List their embryonic origin, too.

A

midbrain (derived from embryonic mesencephalon)

pons (derived from embryonic metencephalon)

medulla (derived from embryonic myelencephalon)

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6
Q

What structure accounts for most of the mass of the CNS?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

What structure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

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8
Q

What structure joins the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

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9
Q

Differentiate between gyri and sulci.

A

gyri = ridges

sulci = clefts

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10
Q

What are the four major lobes of the brain?

A

frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

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11
Q

What is the lateral (Sylvian) fissure?

A

prominent groove that extends diagonally across lateral surface of hemisphere

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12
Q

What is the central sulcus? (2)

A

groove that extends from superior surface of each hemisphere to lateral fissure

separates frontal and parietal lobes

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13
Q

What is the superior temporal sulcus?

A

sulcus running just below and parallel to lateral fissure

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14
Q

What is the pre-occipital notch?

A

indentation visible on inferior-lateral aspect of each hemisphere near its posterior pole

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15
Q

What are the functions associated with the frontal lobe? (5)

A

motor activity

language

personality

insight

affect

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16
Q

What are the prominent gyri associated with the frontal lobe?

A

precentral gyrus (a.k.a. primary motor cortex)

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What are the functions associated with the parietal lobe? (2)

A

processing of sensory information (specifically, somatosensory information)

language development

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19
Q

What are the prominent gyri associated with the parietal lobe?

A

postcentral gyrus

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20
Q

What are the functions associated with the temporal lobe?

A

auditory

comprehension of language (via Wernicke’s area)

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21
Q

Wernicke’s area is located in which lobe?

A

temporal lobe

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22
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

comprehension of language

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23
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

visual processing

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24
Q

Label the following diagram.

25
What is the function of the hippocampus?
memory
26
What are the prominent gyri associated with the _ventral_ surface of the temporal lobe?
parahippocampal gyrus
27
What is the uncus?
a small medial protrusion separated from the anterior parahippocampal gyrus by a shallow notch
28
Which structures are found _behind_ the optic chiasm? (2)
infundibulum mamillary bodies (both of which are parts of the hypothalamus)
29
What are cerebral peduncles?
bundles of myelinated fibers that are part of the midbrain that carrying information from cerebral hemispheres to more caudal areas of CNS
30
Where are cerebral peduncles found?
posterior to the mammillary bodies
31
If you were to section the brain sagitally (across the midline), what major sulci would be visible?
cingulate sulcus parieto-occipital sulcus calcarine sulcus
32
If you were to section the brain sagitally (across the midline), what major gyri would be visible?
straight gyrus cingulate gyrus
33
What is the cingulate sulcus?
curved sulcus that runs in parallel w/ corpus callosum
34
What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?
vertically-oriented sulcus in posterior part of each hemisphere
35
The cingulate gyrus is located in which lobe?
both frontal and parietal lobes
36
Why is the cingulate gyrus important?
it is a component of the limbic system
37
What are three primary functions of the limbic system?
emotion affect memory
38
What is the relationship between the brainstem and the 12 cranial nerves?
with the exception of the olfactory and optic (CN I and II) cranial nerves, **all cranial nerves exit from the brainstem**
39
What is a synonym for midbrain?
mesencephalon
40
Describe the position of the midbrain.
most rostral division of brainstem
41
What are the three major external landmarks of the midbrain?
cerebral peduncles cranial nerves III and IV superior and inferior colliculi
42
Which cranial nerves exit via the midbrain?
CN III and IV
43
What is the interpeduncular fossa?
the space between the cerebral peduncles
44
What are the superior and inferior colliculi?
symmetrically paired structures that lie on the dorsal surface of the brainstem that appear as small, rounded bumps
45
Where is the pons located?
between the midbrain and medulla oblongata
46
What are the major landmarks of the pons?
basal pons middle cerebellar peduncles cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII fourth ventricle
47
What is the basal pons?
prominent rounded area visible on ventral surface of pons
48
What are the middle cerebellar peduncles?
large bundles of white matter that extend from each side of the basal pons into cerebellum
49
What is the function of the inferior frontal gyrus?
language (Broca's area)
50
Which cranial nerves exit via the pons?
CN V, VI, VII, VIII
51
What is the fourth ventricle?
diamond-shaped structure that receives CSF from cerebral aqueduct
52
What are the major external landmarks of the medulla oblongata? (3)
pyramids inferior olives fourth ventricle
53
What are pyramids?
vertically-oriented columns of white matter that lie on ventral surface of medulla on either side of midline that carry descending motor axons
54
What are inferior olives?
rounded protuberances that lie just behind the pyramids
55
Which cranial nerves exit via the medulla oblongata?
IX, X, XI, XII
56
How is the cerebellum anchored to the brainstem?
via 3 pairs of peduncles
57
What are the four primary structures of the cerebellum? List their function.
hemispheres = most of mass vermis = midline flocculi = involved in balance tonsils
58
In the ventral region of the brain, the cingulate sulcus is continuous with
the parahippocampal gyrus

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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