HUBS 191 Lecture 32 Flashcards
(22 cards)
what is the first step of the inflammatory immune response
chemical signals from the tissue resident cell act to attract more cells to the site of the injury or infection. like mast cells which will be able to kill the incoming microbes
in the second step of the inflammatory immune response neutrophils enter the blood where do they come from
the bone marrow
in the third step of the inflammatory immune response neutrophils cling to the ______ and roll along the _____
capillary walls capillaries
in the fourth step of the inflammatory immune response chemical signals from the tissue-resident cells dilate blood vessels and make capillaries ‘leakier’. what does this cause
the ski gets red and ht and sore. it gets sore because the capillaries are leaky and more and more fluid/cells are moving into the tissues which causes swelling and pain
in the fifth and final step of the inflammatory immune response neutrophils squeeze through the early capillary wall and follow the chemical trail to the injury site, what is this process called
diapedesis - the process by which leukocytes pass through the walls of blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues
what is the first step of phagocytosis
the phagocyte adheres to the pathogens of debris
what is the second step of phagocytosis the phagocyte forms ______ that eventually engulf the particles forming a _______
pseudopods - phagosome
in the third step of phagocytosis ____ fuses with the ________, forming a phagolysosome
lysosome - phagocytic vesicle
in the fourth step of phagocytosis toxic compounds and ______ destroy pathogens
lysosomal enzymes
are lysosomes acidic or basic
acidic - a low ph kills microbes
other than enzymes what do lysosomes contain
reactive oxygen (hydrogen peroxide) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (nitric oxide) which are toxic to microbes
what types of enzymes do lysosomes contain
proteases, lipases and nucleases
what is the complement cascade
a series of proteins and protein complexes that act in sequence to clear pathogen from blood and tissues
what are the three complement pathways
classical, alternative and lectin
when is the classical complement pathway triggered
when an antibody that is bound to the pathogen binds to the complement
when is the alternative complement pathway triggered
when the pathogen binds directly to the complement surface
when is the lectin complement pathway triggered
when carbohydrate components (lectins) of microbes bind to the complement
does the way in which the complement pathway was triggered determine the outcome
no - it doesn’t matter which pathways you started with you can still end up with any of the outcomes
what are the three outcomes of the complement cascade
label, destroy and recruit
after the complement cascade how are microns labelled
opsonisation is the coating of a microbe with antibodies and/or complement fragment C3b. there are different receptors on phagocytic cells for each but both trigger phagocytosis
after the compliment cascade how are cells recruited
phagocytes are attracted to the site of inflammation. mast cells are triggered to degranulate by C3a and C5a. inflammatory mediators released including proteins that attract phagocytes
after the complement cascade how are cell destroyed
membrane attack complexes are formed which leaf to pores in bacterial cell which kills the cells via lysis
