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Human Bio Midterm Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells that are connected by junctions that form tissues

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2
Q

Junctions

A

glue that holds cells together

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3
Q

Histology

A

study of tissue

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4
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

cells are going to be packed together, seen this tissue in body surfaces, blood vessels and lungs

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5
Q

Classification of Epithelial

A

number of layers
cell shape

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6
Q

Number of Layer Names

A

simple - 1layer
pseudostratified - looks like multiple layers but not
stratified - multiple layers

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7
Q

Simple Squamous

A

diffusion (molecules moving from a greater, to a lesser concentration) ex: O2, CO2, seen in lungs, filtration, seen in kidneys to get rid of waste

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8
Q

Simple Cubodial

A

seen in ovaries, ducts of kidneys

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9
Q

Lumen

A

open space in duct or hollow organ

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10
Q

Simple Columnar

A

can possess cilia, some cannot (non-ciliated) depends on location,
ciliated = found in fallopian tubes, moves eggs, found in trachea = moves out particles
non-cilated = has microvilli instead (absorption), seen in stomach or intestines, has goblet cell

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11
Q

Goblet Cell

A

secretes mucus/gland and unicellular

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12
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A

found in lungs, bronchioles, and trachea
nuclei are uneven illusion of multiple layers, atatched to the basement membrane, has cilia for movement, goblet cells to secrete mucus

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13
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

multiple layers of flat cells,
seen in layers of skin, cervix, and mouth

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14
Q

Transitional

A

shape shifter, cubodial —> squamous, seein in uterus and bladder

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15
Q

Stratified Cubodial

A

made of 2+ layers, found in mammary ducts, sweat glands, pancreas, female reproductive system

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16
Q

Stratified Columnar

A

2+ layers, primarily in ducts of kidney, female/male reproductive system

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17
Q

Macrophage

A

use phagocytosis to engulf foreign microbes in the body

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18
Q

Stem Cell

A

they can be any cell that is needed in the body

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19
Q

White Blood Cells

A

fight off disease, infections, sick, etc.

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20
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

provides stretchability to tissue, made up of elastin (protein)

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21
Q

Collagen

A

thickest and strongest, displays strength, pulled without tearing

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22
Q

Roles of Connective Tissue

A

support, insulation (adipose tissue), produce red blood cells, protects against infection, helps to repair damaged tissues

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23
Q

Types of Loose Connective Tissue

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

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24
Q

Types of Dense Connective Tissue

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, blood, bone

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25
Areolar
made up of primarilly fibroblasts collagen and elastic fibers, found in most areas of the body, ex: under epithileal tissue, binds skin to organ breast tissue
26
Reticular
made up of thin reticular fibers, it provides frame work of suppport for the organs that they are apart of
27
Adipose
fat cells (tryglyceride), seen around kidney (padding), on surface of heart, stomach area, back of eyeballs (cushion)
28
Hyaline Cartilage
made up of collagen fibers, chondrocytes"cartilage cell", lacuna (space in cartilage cell), fetal skeleton, found in joints of ends of bones (end of nose)
29
Elastic Cartilage
made up of elastic fibers/chondrocytes, found in larnyx (voice box), found in outer ear
30
Osteoporosis
seen in older women, depletion of calcium
31
Osteons
"rods" that make up compact bones
32
Plasma
to add volume
33
Platelets
to help clot and stop bleeding
34
Blood
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cyropercipertate *factor 8*
35
Cartilage
avascular, does not heal as fast
36
Ligaments
muscles to bone
37
Bone to Bone
tendons
38
Hypodermis or Subcuteneous Layer
areolar + adipose, connect skin with muscle
39
Dermis
connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers, nerves, and blood vessels
40
Epidermis
avascular (no blood vessels), made up from startified sqaumous
41
Keratinocytes
majority of skin cells, as cell fill with kertatin (protein)
42
Apoptosis
cell death: loose nuclei, flatten and die
43
Lamellar Granules
help to keep moisture in
44
Langerham Cells
protect the melanocytes from too much uv (also helps protect immune system)
45
Moles
nevus, benign overgrowth of melanin
46
ABC's of Moles
A - asymmetry: both sides of mole are different B - border: borders are uneven C - color: black, blue, red, brown with white center D - diameter E - evolution
47
Melanocytes
filled with melanin
48
Merkel Cells
contains touch receptors (heat, cold, itch, tickle)
49
Albanism
genetic condition, have melanocytes but gene to produce melanin is shut off
50
Vitaligo
autoimmune disease, destroys the melanocytes
51
Nails
made up of epidermal cells
52
Nail Matrix
if damaged nail will not grow back
53
Pale Nails
indicates anemia, heart/kidney disease
54
White Nails
liver issues (hepatitis)
55
Yellow Nails
fungal infection
56
Blue Nails
lack of oxygen, cardio issue
57
Rippled Nails
early onset of arthritis or psoriasis
58
Cracked or Split Nails
indicates thyroid disease
59
Black/Brown Streak
melanoma
60
White Spots
injury, results of stress
61
Biotin
vitamin to make nails strong
62
Hair Matrix
single layer of epidermal cell division
63
Alopecia
autoimmune disease, attacks the hair follicle, patches of hair loss
64
Arector PIlli Muscle
causes goosebumps
65
Sebaceous Gland
coats the hair to prevent drying, secretes sebum (tryglycerides, proteins, cholesterol, and prevents bacterial infections on the scalp) found in the dermis
66
Eccrine Sweat Gland
seen in palms and soles of feet, regulate body heat, became active at birth
67
Apocrine Sweat Gland
found in armpit, around facial area and groin, activated by stress, will secrete upon sexual activity, starts working at puberty
68
Bones
support protection mineral deposit (calcium phosphorus) blood production (bone marrow, hemiopoiesis) tryglyceride storage: holds fat, deposit inside bone, adipose (yellow marrow), develops with age
69
Long Bone
longer than wider, femur or ulna
70
Short Bone
carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankles)
71
Irregular Bone
vertebrae, sacrum
72
Flat Bone
sternum, rib
73
Sesmoid
formed out of tendons, patella (kneecap), found in wrist/ankle
74
Epiphyseal Plate
line that is at the metaphysis
75
Periosteum
made up of connective tissue, allows bone to grow in thickness
76
Osteogenic Cell
stem cells, only cell that undergos cell divison, found in periosteum, endosteum, and in bone canals where there is blood
77
Osteoblasts
bone building cells, secrete collagen fibers, mineral salts, start calcification (bone hardening)
78
Osteocytes
mature bone cells, maintain bone integrity, take in nutrience, get rid of waste via cell membrane
79
Osteoclasts
formed from 50+ blood cells (white blood cells), ability to secrete enzymes that help bone remodiling, found in endosteum
80
Compact Bone
basic unit osteons (rods) heavy bone type
81
Spongy Bone
lighter made up of trabeculae
82
Interstitial Lamellae
fragments of old bone
83
How does a bone grow in thickness
from cells that get added to the periosteum
84
Spongy Bone
made up of trabeculae, filled with red marrow (produces red blood cells)
85
Intramembranous Ossification
flat bones of the skull, mandible (jaw), clavicle, embryonic tissue (mesenchyme) evolves directly into bone with the help of osteoblasts
86
Fetus Bones
made up of hyaline cartilage
87
Endochondral Ossification
bone hardening of all other bones, involves osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, goes from mezenchyme, to cartilage, then bone
88
Greenstick Fracture
occurs in children, incomplete fracture, small break on one side but other end just bends
89
Fissure Fracture
Incomplete fracture, fracture is longitudinal
90
Transverse Fracture
Complete break, across the whole bone, separation, horizontally
91
Spiral Fracture
Complete fracture, results from twisting motion
92
Comminuted fracture
Shatters completely on impact

Human Bio (31 decks)

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