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Pysch test Flashcards

1
Q

personal perception

A
  • mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives for others
  • your own characteristics as your perceiver
  • the specific situation which the process occurs
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2
Q

attribution

A
  • mental process of interfering the cause of people’s behavior, including ones own
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3
Q

fundamental attribution error

A
  • tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal, characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external situational factors
  • blaming the victim
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4
Q

attributional bias

A
  • an exception to the fundamental attribution error
  • tendency to be biased in opposite direction when explaining our won behavior making external situational attributions
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5
Q

actor observer discrepancy

A

tendency to attribute ones own behavior to external, situational causes, while attributing the behavior of others to internal, personal causes especially when the outcome is negative

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6
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency to attribute successful outcomes of ones own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes

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7
Q

attitude

A
  • a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issues in a particular way
  • Affective
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
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8
Q

attitudes happen when

A
  • you have interest in the subject
  • attitudes form through direct experience
  • you are very knowledgeable on a subject
  • your attitudes are extreme or extremely expressed
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9
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

an unpleasant state of psychological tension (dissonance) that occurs when there’s an inconsistency between a behavior and a thought (cognition), or between two thoughts or perceptions

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10
Q

prejudice

A
  • a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group
  • a racial and ethnic groups are far more alike than they are different
  • any difference that may exist between members of different racial or ethnic groups are far smaller than differences among various members of the same group
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11
Q

stereotypes

A
  • a cluster of characteristics that attributed to individuals of a specific social group or category
  • once formed stereotypes can be hard to shake
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12
Q

out-group homogeneity effect

A

tendency to see members of the out-group as very similar to one another

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13
Q

in-group bias

A

tendency to judge the behavior of in-group members favorably and out-group members unfavorably
ex: belief that ones on culture or ethnic group is superior to others (enthrocentrism)

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14
Q

inter group contact

A

equal status contact
intergroup cooperation
common goals
support by social and institutional authorities

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15
Q

prosocial behavior

A

any behavior that helps another person, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless

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16
Q

altruism

A

helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit

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17
Q

social loafing

A

tendency to expand less effort on a task when it is a group effort
- reduced of eliminated when: the group is composed of people we know, members of a highly valued group, the task is meaning or unique

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18
Q

social facilitation

A

the tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual perform
- social hindrance is the opposite when you do poorly

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19
Q

deindividuation

A

the reduction of self-awareness and inhibition that can occur when person is a part of a group whose members feel anonymous

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20
Q

what is development of new neurons known as

A

neurogenesis

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21
Q

do we get new neurons after birth

A

yes

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22
Q

sensory neurons

A

sends signals from specialized receptor cells in sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system

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23
Q

motor neurons

A

transmits commands from the central nervous system to the muscle, glands, an organs

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24
Q

interneuron

A

communicates information from one neuron to the next

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25
cell body (soma)
contains nucleus: processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function
26
dendrites
extensions from the cell body that receive incoming impulses
27
axon
long, fluid-filled tube that extends from the cell body and sends impulses to other neurons and to muscles, glands, and the parts of the body
28
glial cells (gilia)
provides structural support, insulation, and nutrients to the neurons
29
ions
electrically charged particles
30
action potentials
brief electrical impulse
31
resting potential
negative electrical charge of the axon's interior while a neuron is at rest
32
stimulus threshold
each neuron has has a minimum level of stimulation from other neurons or sensory receptors needed to activate it
33
all or none law principle
principle that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulates and an action potential occurs occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and an action potential does not occur
34
what happens after an action potential
refractory - neurons are unable to fire during this period
35
what two factors affect the speed of action potential
myelinated (faster) azon didmeter (thicker, faster)
36
synapse
the junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron sends the message: presynaptic neuron neuron that receives the message: post synaptic neuron
37
axon terminals
at the end of axon that contain synpatic vesicles
38
synaptic vesicles
sacks that store the neurotransmitters
39
neurotransmitters
chemical molecules that send messages (produced in the nervous system)
40
synaptic transmission
process through which the neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, cross the synaptic gap, and affect surrounding neurons by attaching to receptor sites on their dendrites
41
reuptake
neurotransmitters molecules detach from a postsynaptic neuron and are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so that they can be recycled and used again
42
excitatory message
increases likelyhood of activation in postsynaptic neuron
43
inhibitory message
decreases likelyhoof of activation in postsynaptic neuron
44
how do drugs affect synaptic transmission
1. may include or decrease amount of NT 2. may effect the length of time the NT remains in the synaptic gap 3. may prolong effects of NT 4. can mimic specific 5. can mimic or block the effect of NT
45
brainstem =
hindbrain + midbrain
46
hindbrain
- connects with spinal cord with the rest of the brain - regulates basic life function
47
hindbrain 3 structures
medulla: autonomic functions like breathing. heart rate, and digestion pons: what connects the two side of the cerebellum, helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body cerebellum: control of balance, muscle tone, coordinated muscle skills, and motor skills
48
midbrain
an important replay situation role in the processing of auditory and visual sensory information
49
cerebrum
most complex and largest part of the brain
50
cerebral hemisphere
right and left
51
cortical localization
particular areas of the human brain are associated with particular functions
52
aphasia
partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand spoken or written language due to brain injury or damage
53
broca's area
left hemisphere of the brain that directs the muscle movements in the production of speech
54
broca's aphasia
when the area of left hemisphere is damage
55
wernickles area
left hemisphere that involves comprehension of language
56
wernickles aphasia
what happens if left hemisphere is damaged
57
lateralization of function
notion that one hemisphere enters more control over the processing of a particular physiological function
58
hemispheres
left: language, speech, reading, writing right: nonverbal. emotional expression and visual spatial tasks
59
temporal lobe
primary receiving area for auditory information
60
occipital lobe
receiving visual information
61
parietal lobe
touch, temperature, pressure, and information to our receptors
62
frontal lobe
largest lobe of the cerebral cortex which involves plannings irritating, executing voluntary movements
63
limbic system
a set of loosely connected structures in the brain that help regulate motivation, emotion, learning, and memory
64
what plays a key role in the formation of new memories
hippocampus
65
what relays motor and sensory information to and from the cerebral cortex
The thalamus serves as the primary relay station for both motor and sensory information traveling to and from the cerebral cortex, acting as a crucial hub for processing and routing signals
66
what is a peanut-sized structure that helps regulate the autonomic nervous system
The hypothalamus
67
cingulate cortex
a region of the brain located on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres.
68
almond shaped structure that is involved in a variety of emotional response patterns like fear, anger and agression
amygdala
69
gray matter
processing and interpreting information, enabling functions like thought, memory, emotions, and movement
70
white matter
White matter plays a critical role in helping the body process information by connecting regions that send and receive signals, affecting the ability to focus, learn, solve problems, and maintain balance.
71
Phineas gage
In his reports, Harlow described that the physical injury profoundly altered Gage's personality. Although his memory, cognition and strength had not been altered, his once gentle personality slowly degraded. He became a man of bad and rude ways, disrespectful to colleagues, and unable to accept advice.
72
fight or flight response
a natural, automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats, preparing the body to either confront the danger ("fight") or escape ("flight") through the release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol.
73
rem sleep
rapid eye movements, vivid dreaming, and increased brain activity
74
Nrem sleep
quiet or restful phase of sleep, encompassing stages 1-3, characterized by slower brain activity, breathing, and heart rate, relaxed muscles, and a drop in body temperature.
75
consciousness
the state of being aware of oneself and one's surroundings, encompassing thoughts, feelings, sensations, and the world around us.
76
dreams
illogical content, intense emotions, acceptance of strange content, strange sensory experiences, and difficulty remembering dream content.
77
dyssomnias

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